Lakes and reservoirs are the main sources of drinking water in China, but most of them are in the state of eutrophication with frequent cyanobacterial blooms. This has become major issues affecting social sustainability and restricting the local development. The overall response strategy of cyanobacterial blooms must have modern and comprehensive monitoring methods and systems, so as to timely grasp the status and trends of such blooms and their derived disasters. This article aims at the emergency monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs. According to the three monitoring levels of “the entire lake, key areas, and key locations”, the current satellite, drone, and shore-based /platform video, buoy, manual inspection and other technologies or methods have proposed the construction goals, system framework, and workflow. These are also applied in the Lake Chaohu. It is believed that this framework of monitoring system proposed in this paper has important application and promotion value not only in Lake Chaohu, but also in more eutrophic lakes and reservoirs.