Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is now likely the sole cetacean in the Yangtze River, which is only distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River mainstem, Lake Dongting and Lake Poyang. The population size is only about 1000 and critically endangered. As the most critical habitat of Yangtze finless porpoise, Lake Poyang is the last refuge of Yangtze finless porpoise with an estimated population size of about 450. This paper is a systematic summary of the research progress on the population ecology, conservation genetic and conservation biology of the Yangtze finless porpoise population in the Lake Poyang, with emphasis on the influence of various human activities on its population migration activities, and concluding remarks and outlook on the threats to Yangtze finless porpoise population in Lake Poyang, conservation measures and future research directions, aiming to provide a reference for the related conservation.