Lake Baiyangdian is the main ecological function area of Xiong'an New Area. To explore the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in surface sediments of different plant communities in Lake Baiyangdian, 96 samples of surface sediment were collected for comparative analysis. Results showed that the average total organic carbon (TOC) contents of the surface sediments were 39.64 g/kg, ranging from 14.4 to 136.82 g/kg, while the average total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents were 2.62 and 0.75 g/kg, ranging from 0.72 to 10.57 and 0.46 to 1.38 g/kg, respectively. There were significant differences in carbon and phosphorus stoichiometric characteristics of surface sediments in different plant community regions. TOC and TN contents in surface sediment of emerged aquatic plant areas were higher than those in other areas, and TP contents in surface sediment of paddy fields were the highest. The mean value of the C:N:P ratio in surface sediments was 141:8:1, the C:N ratio was relatively stable, and the C:P and N:P ratios were highly variable. There were significant differences in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in sediments of different aquatic plant communities. The ratios of C:P and N:P in surface sediments of emerged aquatic plant areas were significantly higher than those of other regions. The mean C:N:P ratios of emerged aquatic plant area and submerged plants area were 222:13:1 and 129:6.5:1, respectively. The stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in surface sediments of Lake Baiyangdian were affected by many factors, such as plant community biomass, stoichiometric characteristics, decomposition rate and human activities. Compared with the main lakes in eastern China, the contents of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface sediments of Lake Baiyangdian were at a higher level. It is suggested to harvest, salvage and transport the aquatic plants out of the lake at the end of the growth period to reduce the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the lake and slow down the process of eutrophication and swamping of Lake Baiyangdian.