As one of the major dust source areas of the world, the arid central Asia has recently attracted much attention in environmental changes during the Holocene. However, continuous sedimentary records of the history of aeolian activities are lacking in this region. Here we report a sedimentary record of regional aeolian activities using a sediment core from Lake Tolbo (TB19-A, 332 cm-long) in the NW Mongolia. The core was dated using AMS¹⁴C and the reservoir effect was assessed for the chronology. Lognormal distribution function fitting and grain size-standard deviation methods were employed to extract the aeolian components in the sediments from the grain size data of the sedimentary sequence. The history of aeolian sand activities or dust storms in the NW Mongolia was then reconstructed. The results show that fractions with the median grain size of 15-84 μm and >84 μm in the sediments from Lake Tolbo can be used as indicators of regional dust storms and local aeolian sand activities, respectively. At the late Last Deglacial (13.75-11.6 cal ka BP), there were strong local aeolian sand activities in the basin, which may be related to the YD cold events. Since Holocene, the changes of the local aeolian sand activities in the basin were consistent with the regional dust storms in the NW Mongolia, which can be shown as follows: during the early and middle Holocene, aeolian sand activities were generally weak, and relatively strong regional dust storms occurred during the periods of 9.7-8.6 cal ka BP and 7-6 cal ka BP. After 5 cal ka BP, local aeolian sand activities and regional dust storms intensified significantly, and both were at high levels until 0.7 cal ka BP. Extremely strong regional dust storms occurred in the past 0.3 cal ka BP. The dust storm history in the NW Mongolia is similar to those documented in Lake Gonghai in northern China and Lake Bosten in the NW China, reflecting the influence of the atmospheric circulation associated with the Siberian High on large-scale aeolian activities in arid regions. The increase of winter insolation may have also strengthened the aeolian activities during the late Holocene. The strong regional dust storms in the past 300 years may have been compounded by human activity in addition to the natural factors.