The Anthropocene may become a new geological era to describe the profound impact of human activities on the Earth's environment, which has been widely discussed. Lake and its watershed, as one of the most closely related units of the Earth to human society, are most significantly affected by human activities and can also contribute to the study of the Anthropocene. This paper takes the characteristics of lake ecosystems and the Anthropocene itself as the starting point to discuss the significance of lake ecosystem study for Anthropocene research. We believe that lakes have a relatively independent system, clear internal feedbacks, as well as complete theoretical and spatiotemporal data support, which can better provide a research framework for the interaction between various spheres of the Earth in the Anthropocene. There are many similarities between the regime shift of lake ecosystem and the entry of the Earth's environment into a new geological period. The relevant research can better define the start time, overall characteristics, evolution process and mechanism of the Anthropocene. This article points out that the study of the evolution of lake ecosystems in the Anthropocene still faces many challenges, and proposes prospects for future related research.