Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) play an important role in the process of sediment phosphorus release. However, the effect of PSM on phosphorus release in sediments and the adaptation mechanism of PSM to black bloom are still unclear. This study collected surface water and sediment samples from Lake Taihu during black and non-black bloom periods, and determined the major physicochemical factors in the samples. The characteristics of microbial community structure in sediments were studied by 16S rRNA and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, and the differences of PSM species structure between black bloom and non-black bloom sediments were analyzed. In addition, the relationship between PSM and other microorganisms were also studied via microbial co-occurrence networks. The results indicated that concentrations of TP and PO^3-₄-P in the surface water during the black bloom period were more than 10 times higher than those during the non-black bloom period. The relative abundance of PSM in the sediments during the black bloom period was approximately 7 times higher than that during the non-black bloom period. During the black bloom period, PSM in sediments was dominated by Acinetobacter, Novosphingobium and Flavobacterium, and PSM was less distributed in non-black bloom sediments. Correlation analysis showed that different PSM had different effects on the release of various phosphorus fractions. The correlation coefficients between the main PSM and organic phosphorus (Org-P), iron-bound phosphorus (BD-P) and calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) were less than -0.627, and the main phosphorus release fractions were Ca-P and Org-P. The microbial network analysis showed that the positive correlation nodes of PSM in the black bloom period were mainly denitrifying bacteria and fermenting bacteria, and the negative correlation nodes were mainly iron-reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria. This indicated that PSM tended to collaborate with denitrifying bacteria and fermenting bacteria involved in organic matter metabolism during phosphorus release, while competing with iron reducing bacteria and sulfur reducing bacteria to a certain extent. In a lake environment, PSM worked together with multiple microorganisms to promote the release of endogenous phosphorus in sediments. In summary, PSM could adjust the community structure and its interaction with related bacteria to cope with the occurrence of black bloom. These results extend our knowledge on the importance of PSM during black blooms and the adaptation of PSM to environmental changes in freshwater lakes.