In order to investigate the composition and spatial distribution of PFAS in surface water environment, this study collected and analyzed six common PFAS pollutants in 30 wetland water samples, performed source apportionment based on the PMF model, and assessed their potential water ecological risk via risk quotient (RQ) evaluation. The results showed that PFOA, as one of the most predominant PFAS pollutants in the region, was detected in all samples (100% detection rate), with a maximum concentration of 461.32 ng·L?1. Detection rates for PFOS, PFNA, PFBS, PFHpA, and PFHxS ranged from 30.0% to 96.67%, and the total concentration of PFAS was higher in the southern bank of the Yellow River than in the northern bank. PMF source apportionment identified three main contamination sources, including production and industrial wastewater discharge of fire-fighting foam (22.41%), degradation of precursor compounds (24.00%), production and industrial wastewater discharge of fluorinated compounds (53.59%). Risk quotient assessment indicated that PFOA and PFNA posed moderate and low ecological risk to algae, respectively, while PFOA presented low risk level to daphnia, shrimp, and fish. Fluorochemical industry production and wastewater discharge source and PFOA constituted the predominant ecological risk in the study area, requiring attention to long-term exposure risk and priority control. This research can provide critical scientific support for source control and risk assessment of PFAS in the Yellow River Delta.