The numerous lakes distributed in Inner Mongolia have experienced problems of excessive fluoride concentration due to environmental changes, posing carcinogenic health risks to humans and the lakes themselves, as well as potential ecological risks. To deeply explore the characteristics of fluoride forms in lake sediments and reveal the response relationship between fluoride adsorption-desorption behavior and influencing factors, Daihai Lake was selected as the research object. Surface sediment samples were collected, and the contents of different forms of fluoride were detected through multi-stage extraction. ArcGIS software was used to analyze the temporal and spatial differences of fluoride. Further, a 4-factor, 3-level orthogonal simulation experiment of fluoride adsorption-desorption in sediments and a simulation experiment of adsorption-desorption kinetics model were designed to reveal the influence of environmental factors on the adsorption and desorption behavior of fluoride in cold and arid lake sediments. The results showed that the average total fluoride content in the sediments of Daihai Lake was 860.44 ± 53.64 mg·kg-1, with a range of 600.03 to 1388.67 mg·kg-1. Among them, the content ranges of water-soluble, exchangeable, iron-manganese-bound, and organic-bound fluoride were 29.51 to 42.87 mg·kg-1, 8.37 to 21.81 mg·kg-1, 2.46 to 7.21 mg·kg-1, and 9.79 to 17.59 mg·kg-1, respectively. The fitting analysis of the fluoride adsorption-desorption process in sediments indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model had a higher fitting degree under different initial concentrations and could better describe the kinetic process of this adsorption system. The Langmuir and Freundlich thermodynamic models were used to fit and analyze the fluoride adsorption behavior, confirming that monolayer adsorption played a key role in the adsorption process, while multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces was also an important factor affecting the adsorption behavior. Through the range analysis and variance analysis of orthogonal experimental data, the influence degree and significance of each environmental factor on the adsorption effect were determined. Among them, temperature was the core driving factor for fluoride adsorption-desorption (ANOVA significance: temperature > initial concentration > disturbance intensity > pH). The optimal conditions were screened out based on k values: initial concentration of 10 mg·L-1, temperature of 20 ℃, pH of 7, and shaking frequency of 200 r·min-1. This study can provide important theoretical support for the prevention and control of fluoride release pollution from lake sediments in cold and arid regions.