To clarify the impact of different pollution sources on the ecological environment and human health risks, the typical river in the northern Shaanxi Energy and Chemical Industry Base was taken as the research object. The contents of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg and As) in 59 sediment samples were collected and measured during the wet and dry seasons. The Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) and Nemerow Index (P) were used to assess the heavy metal pollution level; the Positive Matrix Factorization model (PMF) was applied to quantitatively identify the sources of heavy metals. Furthermore, the contribution of each pollution sources to potential ecological risks and human health risks was quantitatively analyzed by combining PMF with the potential ecological risk model (RI) and the human health risk assessment model (HRA). The results showed that the average concentration of Hg in the sediment decreased from 0.10 mg·kg?1 in the wet season to 0.01 mg·kg?1 in the dry season, while the concentrations of the other seven heavy metals in the dry season were significantly higher than those in the wet season. The average content of eight heavy metals was at the non-pollution or low-pollution level, while the overall pollution level was relatively high. The PMF results based on receptor concentration indicated that heavy metal pollution during the wet season mainly came from industrial sources (48.23%), transportation sources (31.06%), agricultural sources (11.84%), and coal mining sources (8.87%); During the dry season, heavy metals are mainly affected by industrial sources (58.83%), coal mining sources (28.12%), and transportation sources (13.05%). Results from the PMF-RI/HRA coupling model based on pollution sources showed that the average comprehensive ecological risk indices (RI) in the wet season and dry season were 160.27 and 147.00, respectively, corresponding to "moderate risk" and "low risk" levels. The wet-season risk was mainly driven by Hg emissions (98.46%) from coal mining sources (48.27%), while the dry-season risk was mainly driven by Cd emissions (69.52%) from industrial sources (46.87%). Carcinogenic risks were evident in all populations, with boys facing the highest risk, which was mainly attributed to Ni exposure (≥80.13%) from industrial source pollution (≥51.47%). The results of the pollution source-oriented ecological and health risk assessment provide a scientific basis for pollution prevention and control in such areas.