我国流域水环境污染对共存抗生素抗性基因赋存与传播的影响
doi: 10.18307/2026.0201
潘雄1,2,3 , 林莉1,2,3 , 杨玉义4
1. 长江科学院流域水环境研究所,武汉 430010
2. 流域水资源与生态环境科学湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430010
3. 长江水利委员会流域水环境保护与治理创新团队,武汉 430010
4. 中国科学院武汉植物园,武汉 430074
基金项目: 武汉市知识创新专项曙光计划项目(2023020201020363)、国家自然科学基金项目(52200224)和中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(CKSF2024287/SH)联合资助
Effects of water pollution on the occurrence and spread of coexisting antibiotic resistance genes in basin water environment of China: A review
Pan Xiong1,2,3 , Lin Li1,2,3 , Yang Yuyi4
1. Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010 , P.R.China
2. Hubei Provincial Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science, Wuhan 430010 , P.R.China
3. Innovation Team for Basin Water Environmental Protection and Governance of Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430010 , P.R.China
4. Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 , P.R.China
摘要
抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)作为一种新型环境污染物,其在流域水环境中的传播机制与风险控制是保障水安全的重要科学问题。本文系统综述了我国七大流域(长江、黄河、淮河、珠江、海河、辽河、松花江)水环境中ARGs的赋存特征、污染来源及时空分布规律,并结合富营养化、重金属、新污染物(抗生素、微塑料、内分泌干扰物、持久性有机污染物等)的复合污染效应,解析ARGs的迁移扩散机制。研究表明,我国流域水环境中ARGs以磺胺类、四环素类和氨基糖苷类为主,主要来源于面源污染(农业种植、畜禽养殖等)和点源排放(污水处理厂尾水、医疗废水等)。在赋存水平上,沉积物中ARGs绝对丰度(106~1010 copies/g)普遍高出水体(103~107 copies/mL)近3个数量级,但二者相对丰度(copies/16S rRNA)相近。在时空分布上,ARGs受微生物群落、环境理化因子、人类活动及可移动遗传元件(MGEs)共同驱动,其中以微生物群落的影响最为显著。在污染效应方面,水体富营养化通过促进硝酸盐还原菌等ARGs宿主菌群增殖,导致ARGs丰度与总氮、总磷负荷呈显著正相关;重金属(如Cu、Zn、Ni等)通过协同选择效应增强ARGs接合转移效率;新污染物中,抗生素通过选择性压力驱动ARGs进化,微塑料表面生物膜可将ARGs转化频率提升至自然底物的1000倍,内分泌干扰物(如双酚 A)和持久性有机污染物(如全氟辛酸)则主要通过诱导氧化应激或上调质粒表达促进ARGs水平转移。ARGs传播机制主要包括细菌群落塑造(如厚壁菌门、变形菌门的选择性富集)、接合转移(依赖MGEs和ATP能量代谢)、诱导转化(胞外DNA吸附于悬浮颗粒物)及噬菌体介导(优先包裹ARGs片段)。需特别指出的是,水沙输移动力学过程,如悬浮物输移、沉积物再悬浮等,通过调控污染物相间分配,显著影响ARGs的传播通量。未来需探究“水沙动力学-污染物-ARGs”的耦合过程,解析水环境多相介质中ARGs的跨尺度调控机制,并探索水沙生态调度在ARGs风险管控中的应用潜力。
Abstract
As emerging environmental contaminants, ensuring the security of water supplies requires a critical understanding of the occurrence, transmission mechanisms and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in basin water environments. This paper provides a systematic review of the characteristics of the occurrence, pollution sources and spatiotemporal distribution patterns of ARGs in China's seven major river basins: the Yangtze, Yellow, Huaihe, Pearl, Haihe, Liaohe and Songhua rivers. The paper also analyses the migration and diffusion mechanisms of ARGs in combination with the effects of combined pollution from eutrophication, heavy metals, and emerging contaminants (e.g., antibiotics, microplastics, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and persistent organic pollutants). The study reveals that sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides dominate ARGs in China's basin water environments, primarily originating from non-point source pollution (e.g. agricultural planting and livestock and poultry farming) and point source emissions (e.g., wastewater treatment plant effluents and medical wastewater). In terms of occurrence levels, the absolute abundances of ARGs in sediments (106-1010 copies/g) are generally three orders of magnitude higher than in water bodies (103-107 copies/mL), although their relative abundances (copies/16S rRNA) are similar. Spatiotemporally, ARGs are driven by microbial communities, environmental physicochemical factors, human activities and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), with microbial communities exerting the most significant influence. In terms of the effects of pollution, water eutrophication promotes the proliferation of bacterial communities that host ARGs, such as nitrate-reducing bacteria. This results in a significant positive correlation between ARG abundances and total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads. Heavy metals (e.g., copper, zinc and nickel) enhance the efficiency of ARG conjugative transfer through co-selection effects. Emerging contaminants such as antibiotics exert selective pressure on ARGs, while microplastic biofilms can increase ARG transformation frequencies by up to 1000-fold compared to natural substrates. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (e.g., bisphenol A) and persistent organic pollutants (e.g. perfluorooctanoic acid) promote ARG horizontal transfer by inducing oxidative stress or upregulating plasmid expression. ARG transmission mechanisms primarily include shaping of the bacterial community (e.g., selective enrichment of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria), conjugative transfer (dependent on MGEs and ATP energy metabolism), induced transformation (extracellular DNA adsorption onto suspended particulates) and phage-mediated transfer (preferential packaging of ARG fragments). Notably, fluvial sediment dynamics processes such as suspended sediment transport and resuspension significantly influence ARG transmission fluxes by regulating pollutant partitioning across phases. Future research should investigate the coupled processes of “sediment-water dynamics-contaminants-ARGs”, analyse the cross-scale regulatory mechanisms of ARGs in multi-phase water environments and explore the potential application of sediment-water ecological regulation in ARG risk management.
抗生素耐药性作为微生物在适应进化进程中的产物,早在抗生素被发现与投入生产之前便存在于生物圈各个生态位中[1]。过去数十年间,抗生素在医疗、农业种植以及畜禽水产养殖等多个领域的广泛使用和滥用,极大地促进了抗生素耐药菌(ARB)多样性的增加与传播,并诱导了超级耐药菌的产生[2]。抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)兼具“可自我复制和传播扩散”的生物特性与“不易消亡和环境持久”的物化特征,能够在不同微生物间转移,导致抗生素耐药性的扩散,其危害较抗生素残留本身更大,现已发展成为人类面临的一类最为重要的生态环境安全和健康问题[3-5]。2023年,生态环境部、工业和信息化部等部门将ARGs列入《重点管控新污染物清单》,明确要求在国家层面采取行动应对细菌耐药问题。
水环境是抗生素耐药性获取和传播的理想场所[6]。在内陆地区,河流、湖库不仅是ARGs最终的汇聚之处,更是其增殖、迁移和扩散的关键介质[7-9]。作为重要的饮用水源地,我国内陆水体中的ARGs污染及健康风险亟需关注。现有的饮用水和废水处理工艺被证实不能完全去除ARGs[10-11]。人类通过饮用水、水产品食用及水上运动等途径,接触水体中的抗生素耐药细菌或耐药基因,其健康风险远高于接触其他环境介质[12-13]。因此,明晰我国内陆河流与湖库中ARGs的输移与传播规律是识别耐药性传播风险的基础,对保障饮用水安全具有重大意义。目前国内关于水环境中ARGs的来源、分布及生态风险已有较多总结,但缺乏流域层面关于ARGs输移与传播机制的研究总结。基于此,本文选择国内外文献收录最具代表性的中国知网与Web of Science数据库,检索我国流域水环境ARGs相关研究文章。其中中国知网高级检索主题为“ARGs”或“水环境ARGs”,关键词为“ARGs”“江河湖库”“水环境”;Web of Science检索关键词为“River ARGs”“Lake ARGs”“Reservoir ARGs”,包括140篇研究性学术论文、27篇综述评论,所有检索数据截止日期为2025年5月30日。从基因水平转移(接合、转化、转导)和细菌群落塑造等方面梳理了我国流域水环境中氮磷营养盐、重金属以及新污染物共存对ARGs输移与传播的影响及作用机制,并结合我国生态水利的发展需求,指出后续研究的重点方向及亟待解决的问题,以期全面提升流域水环境质量变化背景下抗生素耐药性传播与扩散的相关认知。
1 我国流域水环境中ARGs赋存特征
自然水体的流动是ARGs扩散的关键途径,能够将ARGs传播至更为广阔的区域。自20世纪40年代以来,由于抗生素的滥用与水污染的加剧,抗生素抗性基因已在地表水与地下水中普遍存在,水体中ARGs的种类变得更加丰富,丰度也逐渐提高[14-15]。2006年ARGs被正式界定为一类新污染物,针对其在流域水环境中的赋存特征研究快速展开[4]
1.1 流域水环境中ARGs污染概况
我国内陆江河湖库总体可划分为长江、黄河、淮河、珠江、海河、辽河和松花江七大流域。在这些水系中,常见的ARGs主要包含磺胺类、氨基糖苷类和四环素类(图1)。由于各地区经济生产活动、水环境污染状况及其扩散程度不同,各流域水环境中ARGs的分布也不同[16]。整体而言,北方的黄河、松辽河流域,氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、β-内酰胺类以及磺胺类ARGs种类繁多,且暴露水平大体相当。随着地理位置南移,淮河、长江以及珠江水系中四环素类ARGs丰度显著提升,ARGs污染逐渐以磺胺类和四环素类为主(图1)。海河流域是我国著名的畜牧养殖基地,调查显示磺胺类ARGs在该地区水环境中占据绝对优势[17]。虽然磺胺类抗生素在我国的生产和使用量并非最大,但在其他流域,磺胺类ARGs的检出丰度也常常处于高位,原因可能在于磺胺类抗生素降解难度较大[18],易被Ⅰ型整合子(intI1)捕获并在环境中持续传播,导致其基因丰度随时间的推移不断增加[19-20]。四环素是我国畜禽水产养殖业使用的广谱抗生素,在经济发达、人口密集的华北、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲地区排放密度最高[21]。四环素ARGs丰度检出最高的区域也集中于此,且以tetCtetGtetA为主,在长江、珠江流域水体绝对丰度均值达到105 copies/mL的量级,沉积物中丰度均值更高,达到107 copies/g量级[1922-25],而淮河流域丰度均值相较于长江、珠江流域低一个数量级[26-30]。总体而言,我国流域水环境沉积物中ARGs绝对丰度(copies/g)通常是水体(copies/mL)的10~104倍,相对丰度(copies/16S rRNA)则大致相同(附表Ⅰ)。
1.2 流域水环境中ARGs的主要来源
鉴于环境中ARGs污染广泛存在,理论上所有致使其他共存污染物进入流域水环境的途径,同样也是ARGs污染的潜在进入通道。在对污染物负荷通量的贡献方面,ARGs主要来源于面源的地表径流输入,以及点源的污水处理厂尾水、医疗废水和养殖废水输入[52-53]。其中,地表径流中ARGs输入与我国独特的农业生产模式紧密相关,诸如大棚蔬菜种植、污水灌溉、畜禽散养以及粪便返田等[54]。大量抗生素的消耗与投入,诱导产生了丰富的ARB和ARGs,每逢雨季冲刷,便随地表径流和悬浮颗粒物进入流域水环境,这被认为是内陆淡水系统ARGs含量高的主要原因[55-56]。研究同时指出,现有的污水处理工艺难以彻底去除ARB和ARGs,且亚抑菌浓度水平的抗生素残留,使得污水处理厂尾水受纳河湖成为ARGs传播与扩散的理想场所,富含高浓度的ARGs[3]。鉴于众多污水处理厂的尾水多通过排污口就近入河,这种排放方式对水体造成的污染影响极为显著[57]。这种排放模式致使受纳河湖中ARGs的丰度急剧增加,增幅有时可达数倍乃至数百倍,成为受纳河湖ARGs污染的主要来源[58-59]。ARGs污染效应与污水入河的季节、入河水质、UVA辐射以及排污规模等因素紧密相关[60]。尾水中占主导地位的ARGs类型为四环素类ARGs和多耐药抗性基因,其次是万古霉素、β-内酰胺和杆菌肽[61]。根据2013年中国科学院广州地球化学研究所的研究,我国近一半的抗生素被应用于人体医疗领域,这一比例直接导致医疗和制药废水中的抗生素及其耐药性污染问题格外突出[62],此类废水被视为水环境中ARGs的重要储库[63]。研究表明,医疗废水的耐药性水平普遍高于生活污水,且主要涉及革兰氏阴性菌,废水中ARGs的种类更为丰富,涵盖氨基糖苷类、四环素类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类、磺胺类以及大环内酯类等常见抗性基因[64-66]。不过,目前尚无有力证据表明医疗废水经污水处理厂处理后排入环境,会对纳污系统中的ARGs数量及其多样性产生显著影响[67]。在水产养殖行业,抗生素同样是预防和控制疾病的常用手段,由此诱导了耐药性的产生,导致养殖废水中ARGs的暴露水平显著高于周边环境,其中以四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类ARGs检出频率最高,绝对丰度可达1010 copies/mL[68-69]
1我国七大流域主要ARGs类型及其绝对丰度分布[16-1720-51] (七大流域为概指,详细说明见第450页脚注;数据收集源自中国知网和Web of Science收录文献所报道的七大流域野外调查结果,时间跨度为2010-2024年,选取各流域主要ARGs类型及其均值作图)
Fig.1Types and absolute abundances of ARGs in 7 basins of China (The term “Seven Major River Basins” is a general reference. For detailed information, please see the footnote on the page 450. The data were collected from the field investigation results of seven major river basins, as reported in the literature indexed in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Web of Science, covering the time span of 2010-2024. For plotting, the main types of ARGs in each basin and their corresponding average values were selected)
1.3 流域水环境中ARGs时空分布变化
支流是外源ARGs输入河流的主要渠道[1970]。受此影响,支流ARGs丰度显著高于干流,抗生素耐药性污染更为严重[3071]。同一条河流中,长江、珠江下游河段的ARGs丰度通常高于上游,枯水期也往往高于丰水期;而郊区河段水环境中ARGs的多样性和绝对丰度明显高于城区河段,可移动遗传因子(MGEs)的多样性和绝对丰度则低于城区河段[22255072-73]。对于不同的河流,流域内农业农村活动越强,其水环境中ARGs的多样性和绝对丰度也越高,典型的如湘江、海河等河流的ARGs绝对丰度普遍高于上海黄浦江[1974-76]。东北地区主要河流ARGs组成相似,没有明显的地理分布差异,气候因素发挥了重要作用[71]。MGEs是黄河水环境中ARGs传播的主要驱动因子,ARGs丰度和多样性具有明显的季节差异,如春夏两季温度升高期间,ARGs多样性显著降低,ARGs丰度显著增加。其中从耐药类型来看,多重耐药基因的增长最为迅猛;从具体类别来看,四环素类和多肽类抗性基因的增长速度则位居前列[77-78]。针对长江流域的调查研究则证实MGEs与ARGs丰度呈现出显著的正相关关系,其中部分ARGs,例如磺胺类和四环素类抗性基因(sultet),无论是在水体还是沉积物中,相关系数均高达0.9以上[2579]。同时研究还发现,夏季河流ARGs丰度和多样性均高于冬季,季节变化对沉积物ARGs丰度的影响程度大于对 ARGs 多样性的影响[80]。同样地,由于淡水系统特定菌群对ARGs繁殖和积累的主导作用,河流细菌群落的生物地理格局也能对ARGs分布产生极大影响[81]。流域的地形和水文地质背景控制着地表水和地下水系统之间的交换。在基岩山区,地表水主要依靠地下水的补给;而在平原地区,相当数量的地表水会以基流的形式渗入地下,这增加了ARGs浸出到地下水的频率[82-83]。同时,地表水与地下水交互的潜流带富含有机质,微生物活性较强,这也导致在山地、山麓、盆地以及平原等不同地形区域,ARGs呈现不同的聚集分布状态[84]。总体来看,造成流域中ARGs时空差异的各因素贡献顺序为:微生物群落>理化因素>人类活动>MGEs[48]
相对于河流,湖泊和水库水体流动缓慢、水体交换周期和停留时间长,具有更大的潜力来储存和传播ARGs[5585-86]。湖泊和水库不同水期、不同季节的ARGs分布变化规律与河流一致,ARGs的多样性与绝对丰度同样在丰水期和高温季节更高[87-88]。已有研究表明,细菌群落和MGEs是影响湖泊水体中ARGs赋存特征的主要直接因素,其中微山湖和鄱阳湖ARGs多样性较高,洞庭湖、巢湖和太湖ARGs多样性次之,长江中下游平原地区湖泊ARGs比青藏高原地区丰富,含盐量越高的湖泊,ARGs丰度越低[2989-90]。当聚焦于湖泊沉积物时,尤其是随着沉积物深度的不断增加,环境因素的变化开始发挥主导作用,即通过驱动微生物群落结构的改变以及MGEs的变化,逐渐成为影响ARGs分布的关键因素[91]。近年来,引调水工程的修建与运行改变了湖泊、水库中ARGs的输移、传播模式,引发ARGs分布格局的变化[28]。以淮河流域骆马湖为例,“南水北调”东线引调工程运行后,虽然湖中ARGs在横向空间分布上无显著差异,但在时间尺度上,非调水期沉积物中ARGs扩散以垂直转移和水平转移为主,而调水期仅水平转移起关键作用,调水期ARGs沉积物-水分配系数下降59.7%,促进ARGs向水体相分配,加大了ARGs传播的风险[92]
2 我国流域水环境污染对共存ARGs传播的影响
国内外环境暴露相关的微生物生态学研究揭示出一个关键现象:污染物进入水体后,常常对其中微生物的生长、繁殖以及生理代谢过程产生显著影响,进而致使微生物生物量、群落结构和生物多样性发生改变[93]。考虑到ARGs及其宿主微生物在微生物生态系统中广泛分布,理论上可以推断,我国水环境中输入的污染物同样会对ARGs的迁移与传播过程造成影响。目前,这一观点正逐渐得到越来越多科学研究报道的支持。
2.1 水体富营养化
自然水体的富营养化为微生物的生长和繁殖提供了丰沛的营养基础。在我国人类社会活动较为活跃、频繁的区域,水体富营养化程度明显加剧,而这一现象与ARGs的分布呈现出高度的契合性[75]。水质状况作为衡量富营养化程度的关键指标之一,被认为与我国水环境中ARGs的赋存特征存在着紧密的内在联系[86]。这种关联主要通过水质条件调控细菌群落的结构与组成而间接实现,其关键机制在于,不同门类菌群携带ARGs的能力存在固有差异[6394]。众多研究报道均指出,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、双胞菌门(Gemmatimonadees)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteriodetes)等菌群,极有可能是ARGs的宿主菌群[8595-96]。75.3%~94.9%携带ARGs的微生物通常具备编码硝酸盐还原基因的能力,这进一步验证了硝酸盐还原菌是ARGs优势宿主的结论[97]。环境中氨氮和硝态氮的输入能够显著提高ARGs的相对丰度[98]。鉴于流域水文水沙情势直接驱动氮素(特别是硝态氮)的输移与转化过程,而氮素的动态又是决定硝酸盐还原菌分布的关键环境因子,结合我国流域水体氮营养盐普遍呈富集趋势[99],水环境中氮营养盐的动态变化必然会对ARGs的输移与传播过程产生重要影响[48]。水体中有机质对ARGs赋存的影响更为复杂,这与氮素的作用略有差异。一方面,输入的有机质能够吸附水环境中的抗生素以及胞外DNA上携带的ARGs,从而降低这些 ARGs 的迁移活性;另一方面,有机质作为微生物移动的载体,能够为微生物生长提供至关重要的碳和能量来源,进而间接地影响环境中的ARGs丰度[100]。在我国淡水生态系统中,营养物质的富集过程与抗生素的广泛使用均呈现出同步增长的趋势,并且沉积物中营养物质的富集程度与ARGs的空间分布呈显著相关[79]。本研究团队此前运用地理加权回归分析方法,深入剖析并揭示了洱海流域面源污染中氮磷营养盐输入量与沉积物中ARGs地理分布之间存在着良好的线性关系[52101]。尽管氮磷营养盐对不同类型ARGs丰度的具体影响存在差异,但无论是ARGs的总体丰度,还是特定类型ARGs的丰度,均能与总氮、总磷的年输入负荷建立有效的回归方程,且相关系数均大于0.85[5285]。近年来,在巢湖野外观测与室内微宇宙模拟实验中,均证实了这一规律[102-104]。这进一步表明了在我国天然水域中,营养物质富集过程与抗生素耐药性发展之间存在着同步演变的趋势。
2.2 重金属污染
由于重金属与抗生素耐药性的作用机制存在诸多相似之处,大量研究表明,在自然环境中,ARGs与重金属抗性基因(MRGs)之间普遍存在共选择作用,这种作用机制极大地促进了ARGs的增殖与扩散[105-106]。由重金属胁迫引发的协同选择效应,主要源于重金属对环境中ARGs接合转移过程的显著影响,而整合子作为关键的遗传元件,在MRGs与ARGs的共同传递中发挥着至关重要的桥梁作用[107]。重金属引起的接合频率变化与环境暴露水平密切相关,重金属浓度的高低直接影响ARGs的传播和扩散。在亚抑菌浓度下,重金属能够促进细菌间ARGs的接合转移,然而当重金属浓度超过一定阈值时,接合转移频率则会明显下降[108]。这一现象在我国流域水环境中已被广泛记录,赤水河、渭河、湘江等河流的调查结果表明:重金属污染不仅显著改变了ARGs的时空分布格局,还大幅增加了流域内ARGs的丰度,并显著提升了其多样性[109-111]。在某些特定情况下,重金属对ARGs的影响甚至超过了抗生素本身,这可能是由于重金属在环境中具有更强的持久性和稳定性[87]。具体到特定类型的ARGs,当抗性机制存在差异时,重金属胁迫的影响也会有所不同。以三峡水库的相关调查研究为例,研究人员发现长寿湖沉积物中,四环素类的核糖体保护类型抗性基因tetQ丰度与重金属Ni的暴露水平呈显著正相关,而外排型抗性基因tetA与Ni呈负相关,重金属Mn和Zn则促进了磺胺类、四环素类抗性基因的水平转移[112]。室内模拟实验则表明,Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn四种重金属促进了流域水体微生物中共轭质粒RP4的转移,在金属浓度处于0.05~100 μg/L范围内时,Cu的共轭传递频率最高,相较于对照组,最高可提升16倍之多,并且Cu与Pb一起表现出明显的剂量效应关系,而随着Cd浓度的增加,共轭传递频率反而逐渐降低[95]。由此可见,不同种类的重金属对ARGs转移频率的影响也有所差别。我国各大流域由于自然地理条件和人类活动的差异,输入的重金属种类和积累水平各不相同,部分江河湖库的重金属污染已经达到了超载的程度[19]。然而,这些差异导致的ARGs传播变化情况,目前仍需要更深入和系统的研究。
2.3 新污染物污染
目前广泛关注的新污染物主要包括四大类:抗生素、微塑料、内分泌干扰物以及持久性有机污染物。需说明的是,部分污染物同时具备内分泌干扰物与持久性有机污染物的双重属性,本文在论述时将其统一归入持久性有机污染物类别进行讨论。在我国水环境中,这四类新污染物的检出与报道也十分普遍。尽管它们在环境中的残留量一般较低,却依旧能够引发严重的生态风险,对公众健康也构成潜在威胁。伴随着研究的持续深入,越来越多的证据表明,这些新污染物能够与所处环境的微生态系统相互作用,最终影响ARGs的扩散与传播。
2.3.1 抗生素
环境中绝大多数抗生素最终会进入水环境,作为细菌的营养源被广泛利用,自然地诱导基因突变获得ARGs,同时也会对水环境中的微生物构成选择性压力,成为ARGs扩散与传播最重要的媒介[113]。生物医学领域早已证实抗生素的使用与其抗性基因之间存在显著的相关性和专一性[114]。我国水环境中抗生素的空间分布存在显著地域差异。一方面,我国幅员辽阔,地理环境复杂多样,各区域经济发展水平呈现显著梯度差异,社会生产活动类型与模式亦存在显著分异,导致各地区水环境中抗生素浓度从高(mg/L)到低(ng/L)不等[63];另一方面,不同江河湖库因河道形态、地形条件及水力学特性等差异,对抗生素产生的选择压力存在显著空间分异[115-116]。例如,在河流沉积物中,抗生素残留浓度从源头到下游逐渐降低;而在湖泊沉积物中,由于水体滞留时间长于河流,抗生素残留的滞留时间相应增加,抗生素选择压力也随之增大[117]。因此,抗生素对水环境中ARGs分布的影响在我国不同的野外调查研究中呈现出差异性。如对海河、珠江、洪湖等水域的研究表明,抗生素污染对ARGs分布起到了正向推动作用[17118-119]。湘江抗生素残留水平低于海河、黄浦江和珠江三角洲,但其ARGs的绝对丰度普遍高于黄浦江和东江,与海河水平相近[1974-76]。在流域水环境中,影响ARGs分布的环境因素繁多,抗生素与其他环境因素相互作用时,常常表现出显著的协同效应[22]。这种协同作用或许是部分水域中抗生素与ARGs分布未呈现预期正相关关系的原因之一。此外,不可忽视的是,由于我国大部分流域在抗生素及抗性基因监测方面存在监测点位不足、监测频率较低或缺乏抗生素代谢产物数据等问题[16],由此也可能弱化了抗生素与ARGs分布之间本应存在的正相关性。
2.3.2 微塑料
输入至水环境中的微塑料表面容易形成一层特殊的生物膜[120]。与水体中原有微生物群落相比,微塑料表面所形成的生物膜更致密、细菌群落密度更大,且群落结构与组成也存在显著差异[45]。这种独特的生物膜环境提升了不同菌属间基于MGEs的ARGs水平转移效率,同时也丰富了ARGs组成的多样性[121]。海河流域水环境中的调查证实,ARB在微塑料表面的富集生长具有选择性,一些特定的ARGs潜在宿主(如蒙氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas monteilii)、椰毒假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina)和丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)等)甚至仅在微塑料表面被发现[120]。原因在于,微塑料不仅能够吸附水环境中的污染物,为ARB生长提供载体,还会对其施加选择性压力,从而为ARGs的传播创造有利条件[122]。值得注意的是,微塑料生物膜上ARGs的转化频率极高,可达自然底物生物膜的1000倍[45]。此外,微塑料自身的赋存特征差异也被发现会对水环境中ARGs的传播产生影响。我国流域水体中共存污染物种类众多,粒径较小的微塑料往往有机会吸附更多的抗生素或重金属,并导致微塑料内微生物多样性的降低,直接影响群落中ARGs的转移,进而增加ARGs的丰度[123]。而在微纳米级的塑料内部,微生物多样性同样持续减少[124-125],这一现象很可能导致ARGs组成多样性的降低。共轭转移实验研究进一步证实微塑料内部细菌间ARGs水平转移频率随微塑料浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,随塑料粒径的增大而增大[126]。实地水生态系统调查也表明,大粒径微塑料加快ARGs的传播[127]。同时,不同材质的微塑料对ARGs的富集能力存在差异。多项涉及我国河口或城市河流的报道指出,聚乙烯(PE)上ARGs丰度明显高于聚丙烯(PP)和聚苯乙烯(PS),ARGs在PE、PP和PS中的水平转移效率也显著高于酚醛塑料(PF)[128-129]。另外,老化后的微塑料在促进ARGs水平转移方面表现突出,其转化频率相较于原始微塑料提高了32.1倍[45],而多材质类型的微塑料混合也能使ARB菌群数量显著高于单一材质[130]。尽管如此,上海黄浦江、厦门杏林湾等地的研究表明,河流中微塑料负载ARGs丰度低于周围水体,但却选择性地提高了特定种类ARGs的丰度[131-132]。这表明我国流域水环境中的微塑料可能具有选择性地富集某些ARGs的能力。
2.3.3 内分泌干扰物
输入至水环境中的内分泌干扰物与ARGs共存,二者之间的相互作用使ARGs水平转移过程变得更为复杂。目前此类污染物在我国流域内报道最多的是具有内分泌干扰效应的农药,包括杀虫剂(除虫菊酯、氯氰菊酯等)、杀菌剂(三氯生、嘧菌酯等)和除草剂(草甘膦、草铵膦和麦草畏等)。这些农药在环境中的残留均能通过影响细菌对抗生素的敏感性或改变微生物的群落结构来驱动抗生素耐药性的变化[133-135]。细菌对抗生素敏感性的改变因接触农药种类的不同而有所差异。例如,水体大肠杆菌在接触杀虫剂氯氰菊酯后对链霉素的耐受性增加;而接触除草剂阿特拉津后对环丙沙星、卡那霉素和链霉素的耐受性显著增加[136-137]。原因在于农药残留对细菌群落施加了一定的选择性压力,诱导ARGs和MGEs的变异,并促进了ARB菌群的进化[138]。环境浓度下双酚类内分泌干扰物同样被证实可显著增强ARGs转化,促进质粒介导的ARGs在不同菌株中的接合,接合率比未处理的细胞高3~5倍,其中双酚A主要通过上调信息素的表达,整合质粒摄取和细胞代谢适应获得抗性[139-140]。然而,对于内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸酯对ARGs传播的影响,国内学界目前尚未达成一致观点。部分研究认为,邻苯二甲酸酯能够通过增强细菌运动性以及提高胞外DNA在水环境中的稳定性,促进细胞外ARGs的自然转化[141]。但南京农业大学秦超等[142]在室内的研究却表明,邻苯二甲酸酯可能导致携带ARGs的质粒团聚,降低受体细胞膜的通透性,同时减少受体菌内三磷酸腺苷(ATP)合成,并最终抑制ARGs转化。总之,虽然目前内分泌干扰物对ARGs传播的影响在我国流域水环境中已得到广泛证实,但针对其在天然河流、湖泊和水库中ARGs输移与传播作用的研究仍然相对匮乏,特别是其直接影响仍有待深入认识。
2.3.4 持久性有机污染物
由于持久性有机污染物对微生物群落具有明显毒性效应,在我国流域水环境中,其对ARGs传播的影响与内分泌干扰物相似。尤其是全氟烷基化合物,已被研究证实能显著增强水环境ARGs的转移能力[143-145]。尽管不同菌群对全氟烷基化合物的敏感性存在差异,但这些化合物对ARGs传播的促进作用不容忽视。具体来看,浓度为2.4 μmol/L的全氟辛酸(PFOA)能够显著促进地表水反硝化菌的富集过程,并诱导这些细菌产生ARGs,最终使水平传播的ARGs总数大幅增加了47.1%[146]。而处于环境浓度的全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)能够使大肠杆菌接合携带ARGs质粒的效率提高3.3倍[144]。其他持久性有机污染物,如多环芳烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs),据报道也有类似的效应,它们不仅加速了流域水环境中ARGs的传播,还有助于ARGs多样性的增加[80]。对持久性有机氯农药(OCPs)而言,虽然已证实其对微生物群落结构和多样性的影响[147],但尚无直接证据表明其对水环境中ARGs传播的影响。
2.3.5 其他新污染物
此外,在我国流域水环境的研究中,一些新污染物虽然未受到广泛关注,但其对ARGs传播的潜在影响同样不容忽视。如消毒副产物中的三氯甲烷,以及药品和个人护理用品中的卡马西平和三氯卡班,已被报道能够通过调节细胞膜的通透性和疏水性,促进不同细菌群落间ARGs的水平转移,并可能加剧ARGs的传播[148-150]
3 污染物影响我国流域水环境中共存ARGs传播的机制
ARGs传播方式主要分为垂直转移与水平转移。垂直转移发生于微生物增殖过程中,在此期间,ARGs由母代细胞传递至子细胞;而水平转移则是指ARGs在相同或不同种属的细菌个体间快速传递,涵盖接合转移、诱导转化以及噬菌体介导3种机制,被广泛视为ARGs传播的主要途径[15]。在我国流域水环境中,污染物能够通过多种途径影响细菌群落的结构塑造以及细菌间ARGs接合转移,同时诱导胞外ARGs(eARGs)转化并进入宿主细菌,推动噬菌体介导的ARGs转移进程,最终对ARGs的传播产生影响(图2[151]
3.1 细菌群落塑造机制
群体感应是广泛存在于微生物群落中的一种细胞间通信系统,依赖于对小分子信号的产生、检测和积累的快速反应。细菌细胞可以相互沟通以协调包括ARGs在内的与抗生素耐药性有关的基因表达,从而作为细菌群体对环境条件的变化作出反应[48]。流域水环境中输入的污染物恰好充当了这些关键的小分子信号:一方面可通过促进ARGs的垂直转移,重塑细菌群落结构,为细菌群落的生长繁殖提供必要的生源物质,引发ARB种群的选择性富集,增加其耐药性;另一方面能够通过调节菌群的应激反应,影响活性氧的产生,促使菌群中有利于耐药性的基因突变、重排或复制更加频繁地发生,从而推动抗生素耐药性的发展[152]。河流水体广泛存在的悬浮颗粒物为这些过程的发生创造条件。悬沙表面形成的生物膜是ARB菌群聚集的理想微栖息生境,不仅有利于ARB和其他环境微生物的协同作用,还能进一步提升抗生素耐药性[153]。正常情况下,在菌群中维持一定水平的生理性活性氧对于保持基因组和群体感应的稳定性是必要的[154]。然而,水环境中重金属、有机污染物的暴露极易引起细菌的抗氧化应激反应,破坏这种稳定性[107151]。因此,由活性氧产生所引发的基因突变并促进抗药性的机制,在水环境中也较为普遍。当然,鉴于河流微生物对污染物输移变化的响应及群落组装生态调节过程十分复杂,其与抗生素耐药性间的互作机制也不止于此。有研究报道,细菌群落在应对环境中的抗生素压力时,会展现出显著的种群时空协作行为,能够自发地调整自身的空间分布以及ARB的比例,以此增强耐药性[155]。但这一过程背后所涉及的详细机制,目前仍有待深入探究。
3.2 接合转移机制
相较于陆地环境,水环境中ARGs的水平基因转移频率更高[156],且水环境中ARGs的接合转移更容易受到输入污染物的影响。调查研究证实,在抗生素、双酚A和多环芳烃等污染物施加的选择压力下,河湖生态系统中MGEs的变异频率与丰度大幅提升,进而导致ARGs接合转移频率呈现倍增态势[139-140147]。同时,全氟化合物、双酚A等污染物能够刺激水环境中细胞氧化应激反应,造成细胞氧化损伤,改变细胞膜通透性以及细胞间接触状况,这些变化进一步推动了ARGs的接合转移进程[140144]。上述这些机制可视作污染物影响ARGs接合转移的核心机制。ARGs接合转移并非自发过程,其依赖于ATP提供能量支持。当前研究发现,邻苯二甲酸酯和三氯生等污染物能够通过调节ATP合成相关基因的表达,从而影响ARGs的接合转移[141157]。如前文所述,污染物可以干扰细胞间通信所依赖的群体感应信号分子,进而通过该机制影响ARGs的接合转移[151]。然而,污染物对水环境中细菌间群体感应的影响与ARGs接合转移之间的内在联系,目前尚未明确。此外,值得指出的是,污染物对ARGs接合转移的影响存在促进与抑制两种情况,作用方式也分为直接作用和间接作用,具体表现与污染物类型、环境暴露水平以及供受体菌株的生理生化特性等因素紧密相关[141-142]。鉴于此,针对不同污染物对ARGs接合转移影响的研究仍需深入细化,在考量驱动因素时也应更加全面周详。
2流域水环境污染物对共存ARGs传播的影响机制示意图 (EDCs:内分泌干扰物,POPs:持久性有机污染物)
Fig.2Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which water pollutants in river basins affect the spread of coexisting ARGs (EDCs: endocrine disruptors, POPs: persistent organic pollutants)
3.3 诱导转化机制
有别于ARGs的接合转移,ARGs的诱导转化主要是胞外DNA片段携带的eARG整合到细菌基因组的过程。在水环境中,胞外DNA源于细胞的分泌或死亡裂解后的释放,随后吸附在水沙悬浮颗粒物和沉积物之上,而吸附态的eARG较游离态的eARG发生转化的可能性更高[158]。当前,由于受到水环境样品胞外DNA 提取技术的制约,针对河湖水环境中 ARGs 转化过程开展的野外调查研究数量较少。不过,相关的室内模拟研究有一些重要发现:污染水体细菌细胞膜通透性与细胞感受能力增强,同时胞内活性氧自由基大量产生,这些变化使得eARG的转化概率大幅提高,最高可达数百倍之多,从而有力地推动了不同菌属间ARGs的交换和新ARB的出现[159]。当然,胞外DNA不受细胞膜保护,游离的磷酸基团也容易与一些有机污染物(如多环芳烃)的化学基团结合,造成胞外DNA团聚或ARGs转录的抑制,从而限制了ARGs的转化[160]。总之,污染物对ARGs转化的诱导较为复杂,涉及多种因素和机制。同一种污染物可能在不同条件下对ARGs转化产生不同的影响,未来仍需要进行深入研究。
3.4 噬菌体介导机制
噬菌体是我国河湖生态系统中ARGs的重要储存库[161]。受畜养动物粪便排放以及城镇污水流入的影响,在我国河湖生态系统中,携带ARGs的噬菌体检出极为常见[58]。河湖水环境中输入的重金属、内分泌干扰物以及持久性有机污染物加重了细菌群体的环境选择压力,进而增加了细菌被噬菌体侵染的风险[162]。噬菌体对细菌施加的进化压力,能够有效驱动细菌之间遗传物质的交换,并高效地将宿主细菌内含有ARGs的DNA片段转移至其他细菌体内[163]。近几年的研究也在不断肯定噬菌体在水环境ARGs传播中所起的至关重要的作用[164]。有报道指出,噬菌体在包裹细菌DNA时,相较于16S rRNA等染色体片段,更倾向于包裹ARGs和MGEs,这无疑进一步提高了ARGs转移的频率[165-166]。在以再生水为主要补给水源的景观湖泊中,研究人员发现,携带ARGs的噬菌体与其宿主宏基因组组装基因组(MAGs)在丰度上呈显著正相关,可用于潜在耐药性菌株的鉴定[161]。在评估水环境抗生素耐药性的检测实践中,可将噬菌体作为一项重要指标。
4 总结与展望
当前,我国水环境中抗生素耐药性传播的研究正经历空间尺度的显著拓展。研究焦点已从污水处理厂、养殖尾水等点源排放场景,逐步延伸至河流、湖泊、水库等天然水体的多介质环境系统。我国七大流域的野外调查表明,磺胺类、氨基糖苷类及四环素类ARGs普遍存在,其空间异质性与流域内共存污染物(包括营养盐、重金属以及新污染物等)的暴露浓度、复合类型及动态输移过程密切关联。这种多污染因子的协同作用不仅重塑水体耐药菌群结构,更通过改变细胞膜通透性、接合转移效率等关键机制,显著影响ARGs的水平转移频率。
然而,虽然对水环境共存污染物调控ARGs环境行为的机制研究已取得重要突破,但成果多局限于单一污染物的静态环境行为,对污染物输移过程中伴随的组分转化、浓度梯度演变及其对ARGs传播的级联效应仍缺乏系统性认知。需要强调的是,河流水沙动力学过程在其中的媒介作用尚未得到充分重视——作为污染物迁移转化的核心载体,水沙界面通过吸附-解吸动态平衡调控污染物的相间分配和生物有效性。水文情势变化通过改变剪切应力、输沙通量等关键水沙参数,重塑污染物的时空分布格局,进而形成ARGs传播的复合驱动网络。值得注意的是,在全球气候变化与高强度水资源开发的叠加效应下,我国流域水沙通量呈现显著非稳态特征,这导致水沙-污染物(包括营养盐、重金属及新污染物等)耦合输移过程的非线性响应机制尚存诸多认知盲区,严重制约着流域尺度ARGs传播风险的精准评估。因此,亟需构建水沙动态变化与污染物迁移行为的耦合分析框架,重点解析多相介质中污染物赋存状态演变对ARGs垂直/水平转移的跨尺度调控机制。基于上述科学认知,建议将水沙生态调度纳入流域ARGs风险管控体系,通过优化悬浮物输移路径与沉积物再悬浮阈值等关键参数,实现我国水环境抗性基因传播通量的主动调控。
5 附录
附表Ⅰ见电子版(DOI: 10.18307/2026.0201)。
① 七大流域除长江、黄河、珠江流域外,均为概指。其中,淮河流域还包括山东半岛,海河流域包括滦河流域,辽河和松花江流域(即图1中的松辽河流域)是概指我国东北地区的辽河、黑龙江、绥芬河、图们江和鸭绿江等诸河流域。
1我国七大流域主要ARGs类型及其绝对丰度分布[16-1720-51] (七大流域为概指,详细说明见第450页脚注;数据收集源自中国知网和Web of Science收录文献所报道的七大流域野外调查结果,时间跨度为2010-2024年,选取各流域主要ARGs类型及其均值作图)
Fig.1Types and absolute abundances of ARGs in 7 basins of China (The term “Seven Major River Basins” is a general reference. For detailed information, please see the footnote on the page 450. The data were collected from the field investigation results of seven major river basins, as reported in the literature indexed in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Web of Science, covering the time span of 2010-2024. For plotting, the main types of ARGs in each basin and their corresponding average values were selected)
2流域水环境污染物对共存ARGs传播的影响机制示意图 (EDCs:内分泌干扰物,POPs:持久性有机污染物)
Fig.2Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which water pollutants in river basins affect the spread of coexisting ARGs (EDCs: endocrine disruptors, POPs: persistent organic pollutants)
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