水库沉积物微生物群落的生态学研究进展
doi: 10.18307/2026.0302
高煜1,2,3 , 林莉1,2,3 , 潘雄1,2,3 , 董磊1,2,3 , 陈玉玲1,2,3 , 郭子玮1,2,3 , 许全喜4
1. 长江科学院流域水环境研究所,武汉 430010
2. 流域水资源与生态环境科学湖北省重点实验室(长江科学院),武汉 430010
3. 长江水利委员会流域水环境保护与治理创新团队,武汉 430010
4. 长江科学院,武汉 430010
基金项目: 湖北省自然科学基金项目(2023AFA056)和中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(CKSF2023337/SH,CKSF2024287/SH,CKSF2024991/SH)联合资助
Ecological research advances in microbial communities within reservoir sediments: A comprehensive review
Gao Yu1,2,3 , Lin Li1,2,3 , Pan Xiong1,2,3 , Dong Lei1,2,3 , Chen Yuling1,2,3 , Guo Ziwei1,2,3 , Xu Quanxi4
1. Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010 , P.R.China
2. Hubei Key Laboratory of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science (Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute), Wuhan 430010 , P.R.China
3. Innovation Team for Basin Water Environmental Protection and Governance of Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430010 , P.R.China
4. Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010 , P.R.China
摘要
筑坝建库影响了全球近2/3超过1000 km的大江大河,改变了它们自然流动的状态。我国是世界上水库数量最多的国家,拥有9万余座水库。大坝截流、水利调度、水文气象等多因素共同塑造了水库沉积物这一独特生境,并显著影响其微生物群落的多样性和功能。微生物是水生态系统中物质循环的基本驱动者,对流域生态系统结构、生源物质循环、全球气候变化等方面具有重要的作用。水库不仅会通过改变各种物理、化学、生物因素等影响沉积物微生物群落,还会引发沉积物及微生物群落的时空动态分布差异,而沉积物中的微生物群落也会对环境变化做出响应,并在一定程度上改变环境条件。现有的研究往往仅关注单一变量,虽各自较为完备,但整体缺少系统性,不利于更为深入地理解“微生物—水利生态环境”间的交互关系。因此,本文收集并分析了截至2025年5月7日已发表的189篇相关文献,综述了影响水库沉积物微生物群落的物理、化学、生物因素,分类总结了在水库调度下沉积物微生物群落的时空动态演变,并归纳整理了其产生的生态环境效应。结果发现,现有研究大多将水库看作类似湖泊的生境,考虑水力条件变化及生境特征的研究较少;水库沉积物研究多集中于地理分布规律的探索,对环境与微生物群落耦合作用的研究较少,且尚未系统揭示筑坝对沉积物微生物地球化学循环的内在机理。结合当前的研究不足,建议今后加强跨学科领域融合,并在微生物群落的生态环境效应、微生物生态学技术与理论应用、大数据与人工智能模型开发、全球气候变化与温室气体减排等领域深入开展相关工作。
Abstract
The construction of dams and reservoirs has profoundly altered the natural flow regimes of nearly two-thirds of the world's major rivers exceeding 1000 kilometers in length. With more than 90000 reservoirs, China ranks first in the world for the number of reservoirs. A series of complex factors, including the dam's trapping effect, hydraulic scheduling, local hydrometeorology, sediment inputs etc., not only shape reservoir sediments as a unique habitat, but also influence the diversity and functionality of microbial communities in the sediments. Microorganisms are the fundamental drivers of material cycling in the aquatic environment system and have important influences on the structure of watershed ecosystem, biogeochemical cycling of elements, global climate change, etc. Reservoirs alter sediment microbial communities not only via the changes of a variety of physical, chemical, and biological conditions, but also by dynamically influencing the spatiotemporal distribution of environmental-ecological conditions. In response, microbial communities in sediment also react by altering surrounding environmental conditions to some extent. Existing studies on individual factors, although relatively complete, lack systematicity, which hinders further in-depth understanding of the important interactions between microorganisms and hydraulic and ecological environment. Therefore, 189 related research articles have been collected and analyzed by 7th May, 2025, and this article reviews the physical, chemical, ecological impacts of reservoirs on sediment microbial communities, classifies and summarizes a series of responses of sediment microbial communities under hydrological regulation, and summarizes the environmental and ecological impacts brought by microbial communities. Results show that most of the existing studies consider reservoirs as lake-like habitats, and few studies consider changes in hydraulic conditions or special characteristics of the habitat; Although there are studies targeting microorganisms in sediments of water reservoirs, they are more focused on the biogeographical distribution patterns and less on the interactions between environment and microbial communities. Faced with the deficiencies in current research, it is recommended to strengthen the integration of interdisciplinary fields and to carry out in-depth related research in the fields of ecological and environmental effects of microbial communities, application of microbial ecology techniques and theories, development of big data and artificial intelligence models, global climate change and greenhouse gas emission reduction, etc.
从传统的木闸门到现代的混凝土大坝,从小型蓄水池到巨型水库,全球河流上分布着数以百万计的水利工程设施[1]。截至2023年,我国已建成各类水库9万余座,水库总库容达9999亿m3,水库数量和库容均为世界第一,是名副其实的水利大国[2]。这些数量众多、分布广泛的水库在防洪排涝、水力发电、农业灌溉、蓄水通航、水源供给、文化娱乐等多个方面都发挥着重要作用。水库的建设一方面为各地带来了水资源保障,提高了人民群众的生活水平,但另一方面也对生态系统产生了一些消极影响,如破坏了河流的连通性、造成了栖息地淹没与碎片化、打破了泥沙平衡,改变了库区的水文水质等。鉴于水库对生态和环境的影响,相关研究仍需不断探索和完善。
微生物是水生生态系统中的关键组成部分,对生态水利与环境水利至关重要[34]。微生物以种类多、繁衍快、适应性强等特点,成为水环境中数量最多的生物。据研究,沉积物中微生物的数量可达1011 cells/g[5],是上覆水中的2~1000倍[6]。一系列人类活动会改变水环境生态,并对水库沉积物中微生物群落的组成结构、多样性和功能产生综合影响[7-9]。然而,传统水利行业的生态学研究中,多关注引调水、水动力条件的变化对生境和大型生物的影响,如消落带的形成[10]、水华的防治[11]、鱼类产卵行为的改变[12]等,对微生物及其驱动的营养循环关注相对不足。微生物扮演着生产者、消费者、分解者中的一种或多种角色[13],不仅驱动着水库环境中的氮磷含量和通量等营养元素循环[1014],也能够转化降解多种污染物[15-17]。另外,微生物群落易受外界条件变化的影响,功能状态转换会影响水生态系统的稳定状态等[18],也可作为环境条件变化的指标[19]。随着多个重大引调水工程的建设运行,大小水库中的水动力水沙条件不断变化,沉积物微生物群落也会发生改变,并带来重要的生态环境效应[20]。针对水库沉积物中微生物开展研究,有助于全面认识微生物在水库沉积物及水生生态系统中的重要作用。
本研究通过在Web of Science上以公式TS=(water reservoir OR dam)AND TS=(microbial community OR bacterial community OR microbiome OR microbiota)AND TS=(sediment OR sedimental)搜索相关文献专著,截至2025年5月7日,获得期刊论文、会议论文、学位论文、专著等共975篇。根据研究的题目和摘要内容,剔除了与主题词(水库/大坝、沉积物、微生物群落)无关的文章,筛选出包含分子生物学分析且与水利生态环境相关的文献共189篇(图1,绿色圆点大小与采样点数量多少正相关,相关文献详见附件1)。其中,我国相关的研究数量最多,研究地点主要集中于大型水库及梯级大坝,包括三峡水库[721-29]、丹江口水库[30-34]、澜沧江的梯级水库[35-40]等,以及各大城市的水源水库,包括北京的密云水库[41-42]、官厅水库[43],上海的青草沙水库[44]等。相关研究覆盖了我国大部分省、自治区、直辖市,且主要分布在三峡库区附近、西南诸河、长江中下游、东南沿海等地(少数研究未提供各采样点的精确坐标,选取研究区域的中心点为代表,见附图Ⅰ)。部分研究中,水库被简单类比为湖泊进行研究,也有的研究充分考虑水库的特点和大坝的拦截,探讨了其中独特的水文水动力条件变化对沉积物微生物及库区其他生物组成的生态系统的影响[45-48]。在尺度较大、研究样点分布较广的研究中,沉积物微生物群落常呈现出距离—不相似度衰减趋势,在长江流域、西南诸河、不同流域的水库间均体现出区域特异性和地理分布格局[8354649-54]。对上述189篇文献进行统计发现,营养盐(20.1%)、水动力(13.4%)、季节变化(12.8%)、温度(11.7%)以及水深/压强(5.6%)是影响水库生态环境及其沉积物微生物群落的主要环境因子,也是现有研究中的重点。
1水库沉积物微生物研究采样点分布世界地图(该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站提供的在线地图公共服务平台“天地图”(https://www.tianditu.gov.cn)的标准地图制作。国界线基于审图号(2016)1665号地图制作,底图无修改)
Fig.1World map of sampling sites of sediment microbial research conducted in reservoirs
这189篇文献中,超过半数(101篇)都发表于最近5年(2021年及之后),其中除了1个针对硅藻的研究中使用了光学镜检的方法[55],其余均采用16S rRNA/功能基因/宏基因组/转录组方法定量分析微生物群落的组成结构和代谢功能。在测序区间选择方面,大部分研究(69.7%)选择16S rRNA的v3~v4区,少部分(24.2%)选择v4区,个别(3.0%)选择v5区,还有1篇分析了来自多个不同测序区间的数据[4]。扩增子测序配合功能基因测序、稳定同位素标记、营养物质/污染物含量通量变化的研究越来越多,已超过26.3%,其中大部分关注氮转化的不同通路,少部分关注甲烷代谢,还有一些关注水环境中藻毒素的产生。最近3年的研究中显现出多组学联合分析的趋势,采用宏基因组测序方法的研究占比逐年提升,2023年为10%(3/30),2024年为20%(4/20),2025年上半年为28%(2/7)。
目前,对水库沉积物微生物的研究主要采用群落生态学的分析手段,从物种信息数量表或样品功能表出发,进行α多样性、β多样性、群落组成分析、不同组间对比分析、环境变量相关性分析、种间网络分析、分类分析、系统发育树分析等(图2[56]。研究主题集中在以下几个方面:(1)水库沉积物微生物群落的组成结构和多样性的时空分布差异[6464750525457-62];(2)水库沉积物微生物群落在物质循环中的功能特征[223047515963-72];(3)水库沉积物微生物群落与浮游微生物群落的关系[82633414673];(4)水库沉积物微生物群落的生态学性质(如群落构建过程中的随机性确定性、不同物种间的共现网络、微生物群落的各种稳定性)[4244074-75]等。然而,这些研究大多只关注特定的单一变量,整体缺少系统性,阻碍了对“微生物—水利生态环境”交互的深入理解。
本研究基于微生物作为环境变化驱动者的视角,系统解析水库对沉积物微生物群落的直接和间接影响,总结复杂多样的环境因子对沉积物微生物群落的改变,并从生态系统功能反馈的角度,归纳沉积物微生物群落在污染物、泥沙等水力条件、氮磷等营养物质、温室气体排放等方面的生态环境效应(图3),提出现阶段水库沉积物微生物研究在学科交叉融合、样本数据采集、水利情势变化响应等方面的不足,并对未来研究工作进行展望。
2微生物群落生态学中常见的统计分析和作图方法[56]
Fig.2Overview of statistical and visualization methods for feature tables[56]
1 水库驱动下沉积物环境因子及微生物群落的改变
水库的建设和运行会改变一系列物理、化学、生物因素,进而对沉积物中的微生物群落产生影响。其中重要的物理因素包括水文水动力条件、静水压强差异、水位波动、泥沙性质差异等;化学因素有pH值、污染物、营养物质含量、盐度和碱度差异等;此外还有生物因素,包括筑坝拦截造成的鱼类和底栖生物在水库的空间分布变化。
1.1 物理因素
1.1.1 水文水动力条件
水文水动力条件是水利工程中最受关注的因子之一,而大坝的建设会改变河流原本的水动力状态,使库区内转变为湖泊型的静水环境,造成水库不同位置流速分布的空间差异,在坝前从上游到下游根据流速的差异分布,可形成河流区、过渡区、湖库区[507176]。拦水造成的库区流速降低会延长大坝上游的水力停留时间[4677],这不仅会造成大坝上下游浮游细菌群落结构的差异[2178],也会造成水库沉积物中微生物群落的显著差异[46495461]。实验发现,不同水动力条件下,如不同雷诺数的湍流和层流中,河流中的生物膜会呈现出显著的多样性差异,且生物膜上的微生物群落和悬浮泥沙上的微生物群落形成了各自独特的群落结构和种间交互关系[79]。在水库沉积物中,坝前不同的水动力条件影响了库首、库中、库尾微生物群落的组成结构和功能[46]。例如,澜沧江和金沙江的建设,提升了沉积物中含有碱性磷酸酶的细菌的相对丰度,促进了其对磷的矿化功能[37]。此外,水动力条件的差异会造成水库沉积物中泥沙的空间分布差异,进而通过泥沙的粒径、有机质的空间分布等方面影响微生物群落结构。
3水库对沉积物微生物群落的影响及微生物群落的生态环境效应
Fig.3Influences of reservoir on sediment microbial communities and eco-environmental effects of microbial communities
1.1.2 静水压强
经过大坝截流后,库区水位抬升,因此沉积物中的微生物群落所受静水压强也随着上覆水深度增加而增大[45]。同一水库中,不同点位的沉积物所受静水压强各不相同,因此难以将静水压强从其他变量中解离出来。例如,溶解氧、温度、光照强度等在不同深度下会受到季节、天气等条件的影响,形成时间上的变化和垂向上的梯度,从而改变沉积物中微生物群落的组成结构和代谢功能[80]。研究表明,水库沉积物中的细菌群落丰富度和多样性都受到水深(即静水压强)的影响[61],且静水压强能够同时塑造优势菌群和稀有菌群的组成结构[70]。此外,通过加压的反应器模拟静水压强对微生物物质循环功能的影响,发现静水压强的变化会改变沉积物中微生物驱动的氮循环,高压有利于界面的氮释放和氨化作用,并显著提高沉积物中脱氢酶和蛋白酶的活性,使得氨氮、硝态氮在沉积物—水界面积累[81]。此外,通过对比水库拆除前后的微生物群落(包括细菌、真菌和古菌群落)结构及氮转化功能的差异,发现水库拆除后,水位的降低不仅会造成特定微生物物种丰度的改变,也会提高硝化反应的速率,同时减弱反硝化反应的强度,改变水环境中的生物地球化学循环过程[82-83]。近期研究中,宏基因组分析也证实了静水压强对水库沉积物中微生物磷循环相关功能的作用,微小压强的增加会促进硫酸盐还原,引起Fe/Al结合磷的溶解,进而促进水库底部内源磷的释放[72]。综上,静水压强不仅会影响沉积物中的微生物群落结构,同时也会影响水库中氮磷等关键营养物质的循环功能。
1.1.3 水位波动
库区水位波动主要由上游降水和径流、大坝调节和下泄、引调水工程运行等共同引起。以南水北调中线工程水源地的丹江口水库为例,在加高前,死水位为139 m,正常蓄水位为157 m;大坝加高后,死水位为150 m,正常蓄水位提高到了170 m,大坝调节和下泄的作用下,水位波动幅度可达20 m[84]。又如三峡水库,受到上游降水和径流的影响,短时间内的水位波动(如夏季洪水)可使三峡坝前水位在一个月内上下波动15 m,而秋汛期蓄水则可使库区水位在一个月内上升30 m[85]。不同水位下,三峡水库中的沉积物微生物群落呈现出显著的组分差异,并且之间的差异可通过主成分分析辨别[7]。此外,在南水北调中线工程的渡槽中发现,大量输水时,水道水位也会发生大幅波动[86]。水位波动会改变水下沉积物微生物所处的环境,引起一系列其他因素的变化,如改变静水压强[7087]、造成水库沉积物表层缺氧—好氧状态交替[88]、影响氮磷等营养物质的输入输出[89]等,进而改变沉积物中细菌、古菌、真菌等微生物群落的结构和功能[82]。此外,季节性的水位波动,还会使部分河岸带经受周期性的淹没和出露,在沉积物和土壤之间切换,形成消落带这一独特生境。水位波动不仅改变了消落带土壤的基本性质,而且使得消落带成为多种污染物(如重金属、增塑剂)、营养物质(如氮、磷)的重要源、汇[1090-91],进而影响消落带植物植被,通过植物—微生物的种间关系,影响微生物群落及其物质循环功能[9293]。现有研究中关注的水位变化通常是水利调度的结果,因此无法与季节、水期差异解耦,即部分研究中提到的汛期/非汛期、枯/平/丰水期的差异,可能是水位波动带来的差异,仍需后续的深入研究。
1.1.4 泥沙性质
在水库的不同位置,沉积物中的粒度分布、水中悬浮颗粒物浓度和空间分布、泥沙中的有机质含量差异以及处于不同深度的泥沙组分和性质的差异,都能影响沉积物微生物群落 [47]。对水中悬浮泥沙的研究发现,其粒径大小与其上发生的微生物的硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等反应速率呈显著负相关关系,即粒径越小,比表面积越大,有机碳相对含量越高,越有利于微生物生长,因此反应速率越快[94-95]。在土壤微生物生态学研究中,也发现了不同土壤颗粒粒径(即粉粒、粘粒、沙粒等)之间微生物群落组成和功能上的显著差异[96]。水库相关研究发现,筑坝拦水会造成坝前营养物质随小颗粒泥沙累积,形成泥沙粒径的空间分布差异,通过影响沉积物中微生物群落的生境,改变其群落结构[4697]及其驱动的物质循环(包括碳循环和氮循环)功能,且其中悬浮泥沙和河床泥沙之间的微生物群落功能分组差异明显[98-99]
1.2 化学因素
1.2.1 pH值
筑坝会改变水文条件、有机质含量、氧化还原特征,进而改变沉积物的pH值。此外,pH值也是研究微生物地理格局中必须考虑到的因素。众多研究中,pH值都对微生物群落结构的空间差异有最高的解释度,是引起群落结构变化的关键影响因子[100-101]。在丹江口水库的研究也表明,pH值的差异是不同季节沉积物微生物群落差异的主要原因之一[33]。针对全国不同河流沉积物的研究表明,在所有环境因子中,pH值能最好地解释微生物群落的空间分布差异和α多样性差异[102]。例如,在云南腾冲温泉中,pH从1月的4.7~4.8上升至8月的6.1,超出了硫化裂片菌(Sulfolobus)的适宜生长条件(0.9<pH<5.8),但恰好落在氢杆菌(Hydrogenobacter)和脱硫球菌(Desulfococcus)的适宜生长区间(近中性和6.0<pH<6.5),因此水体和沉积物中的微生物群落组分都随着pH值变化发生了较大的改变[103]。又如,在乌江的8座梯级水库中,沉积物pH值和营养程度与在厌氧条件下进行硫还原的δ-变形菌(δ-Proteobacteria)和β-变形菌(β-Proteobacteria)的丰度显著相关,证明其对这两种细菌生长的显著影响[77]
1.2.2 污染物
污染物会显著改变沉积物中的微生物,并影响其结构、多样性和生态功能[104-105]。工业污水排放、农业面源污染、城市生活污水等都会向水环境中输入污染物。湖库中,既有重金属等传统污染物[106],也有新污染物,包括持久性有机污染物(POPs)[107-108]、内分泌干扰物(EDCs)[15109]、抗生素(antibiotics)[110]和微塑料(microplastics)[67111]等。不同类型污染物的时空分布情况会受到水库运行调度的控制,进而改变微生物群落的性质。以重金属为例,已有研究发现,重金属元素(包括Cd、Cu、Fe、Mo、Ni、Pb、Ti、Tl、V、Zn等)含量与营养盐浓度共同决定了库区沉积物微生物的组成结构[106]。相较于地表水和地下水,沉积物中的微生物群落结构受到重金属污染的影响更大[112]。随着重金属含量的升高,微生物群落的丰富度和多样性降低,并且会富集筛选出具有耐受性的特定微生物类群,从而改变微生物群落的结构和功能[113]
1.2.3 有机质含量
库区沉积物中有机质含量会受到大坝拦水的影响。有机质不仅是微生物生长的营养资源,还调控特定的代谢功能,包括元素循环和污染物降解等。例如,产甲烷菌是受到污染、有机质丰富的沉积物中的典型物种[70]。在水库拦水造成的水动力条件梯度筛选下,有机质含量也会在沉积物中形成空间梯度分布,不仅在垂向上随深度增加逐渐降低,而且在坝前细颗粒中的含量高于粗颗粒中。因此,会影响沉积物中的细菌和古菌的组成和功能[4763114-115]。此外,水库库龄越长,沉积物中的营养物质(包括有机质、总氮、总磷等)日积月累后越丰富,越有利于沉积物中微生物的生长,丰富度越高[61-62]。类似的研究结论在沉积物细菌群落和古菌群落中都有报道,能够互相印证[77114]
1.2.4 营养程度差异
筑坝建库改变了天然的河流流动状态,造成泥沙性质差异,即坝前小粒径的泥沙沉降聚集,同时影响沉积物中营养盐的分布,形成大坝上下游、库区内不同位置营养程度的差异,如氨氮从上游到下游逐渐增多[4778]。湖库沉积物中,除了碳源(可利用的有机质)之外,各种不同形态的氮、磷和硅酸盐等是最受关注的营养物质[35116-118]。营养盐的浓度差异不仅和流速、水温一起影响大型生物如鱼类的生境,改变库区及大坝附近的生态环境状况[119],也会影响库区沉积物中微生物的空间分布[4678120]。例如,在我国拉萨直孔和旁多水库的研究中发现,水库库区沉积物中的营养物质含量最高,高于库区下游及市政污水排污口,而且其中的优势物种蓝细菌的相对丰度与营养含量呈现显著的相关关系[121]。在澜沧江的梯级水库中,营养物质在水库沉降累积,形成“热点区域”,进而使环境选择强度增加,筛选出能够促进营养循环的微生物物种[46]。此外,最近的研究发现,筑坝建库带来的环境因素改变,不仅会影响沉积物中营养物质的浓度,改变微生物物种的数量,而且会对水库生态系统产生更为深远的影响,例如影响整个微生物群落的构建过程,引发不同物种间相互作用关系的变化等[61]
1.2.5 盐度和碱度
关注度相对较低的盐度、碱度等水质因素,既受到水库、大坝的影响,也会对水库环境中的微生物群落的结构和多样性产生影响,在特定研究中也需要充分考虑[37114122]。例如,在珠江流域的多个不同水库中发现,大坝拦截提高了水库中无机盐的含量,使得盐度上升,造成沉积物中的产甲烷菌含量升高,改变了沉积物中的群落结构和功能[114]。而水库等水工构筑物混凝土结构的碱度梯度,会影响其上附着生长的微生物群落结构和功能表达[122]
1.3 生物因素
大坝的建设不仅会改变各种物理、化学因素,也会改变各种生物因素,包括鱼类、底栖生物等。已有的综述总结了筑坝对河流及近海生态系统的影响,包括使鱼类栖息地碎片化、影响鱼类的物种和种群大小等,而部分鱼类可通过捕食、滤食等方式影响微生物群落结构[119123]。筑坝也会影响水库中不同营养级的生物构成的食物网,改变其中的营养和能量流,影响其中的微生物及其参与的生态系统物质循环,造成不同梯级水库之间沉积物中异养微生物的差异,通过微生物食物网的上行效应和下行效应,共同改变水库沉积物中微生物的自养异养比例和种间捕食关系[32]
2 水库调度影响下沉积物微生物群落的时空动态演变
水库、大坝不仅会通过改变物理、化学、生物等多种因素对沉积物微生物群落产生影响,而且会引发沉积物中微生物群落的时空动态演变,造成时间和空间上的差异,包括大坝截流造成的坝前坝后差异、不同季节带来的理化性质区别、不同深度下水柱的分层和混合、不同地形之间的环境条件差异、不同水库库龄带来的综合影响等。微生物群落的差异无法简单归因于某时刻的外界环境差异,更多的是持续运行的水库大坝所带来的动态差异。
2.1 大坝上下游沉积物微生物群落差异
水库、大坝的建设是人类活动对自然生态环境产生影响的代表行为[62],建成后的大坝也会直接造成大坝的上下游,即坝前和坝后微生物群落的差异。因此,大坝的建设运行以及筑坝的生态环境影响是受到全球关注的热点问题[124]。大坝的截流对浮游微生物群落的影响已有较为充分的研究。多数研究均发现大坝上游的微生物群落多样性高于下游,而上下游各有其不同的优势物种,群落呈现出显著的区别[5278125]。除了以上研究中报道的对浮游微生物群落的影响外,大坝的截流作用也会直接影响沉积物中的微生物群落。对长江流域的大尺度研究已证实,经过大坝截流后,大坝下游沉积物中的微生物群落丰富度和多样性都比上游低[54]。在我国西南部澜沧江流域梯级水库开展的研究也发现,大坝截流明显降低了下游沉积物微生物群落多样性[126]
2.2 不同水期沉积物微生物群落差异
自然的四季轮转是影响水文条件的因素之一,改变了多种环境条件,可以直接影响水中浮游微生物的生境状况。季节变化也造成了枯水期/丰水期的差异,并在大坝调控的共同作用下形成了高/低水位期的交替。作为综合因素,不同水期之间的区别包括温度、溶解氧、水位(静水压强)、流速(水动力条件)等水环境的理化条件差异[78],同时也有雨季/旱季、汛期/非汛期、枯水期/平水期/丰水期等水文条件的差异[6417889],还包括湖库营养情况、生物种间关系等生态因素的差异[76174]。各研究中,不同的采样时间反映出了不同季节对微生物群落的影响,然而由于相关样品采集在时空上仍较为稀疏,且不同的研究中对时节的关注不同,有的更关注气象上的雨季/旱季,有的对比不同水位下的水期变化,也有的着眼于环境条件的改变,因此尚未得到普适的结论。无论如何,大坝调控下的不同水期对沉积物微生物群落的综合影响都不可忽视。
2.3 垂向分层及混合导致的沉积物微生物群落差异
在湖库中,水温存在季节性的分层—混合现象[46]。根据水体每年完全混合均匀的次数,可将湖泊分为无循环(amictic/meromictic)湖、单循环(monomictic)湖、二次循环(dimictic)湖、多循环(polymictic)湖和完全循环(holomictic)湖等[127]。北半球的深水水库中,表层水温变化受季节的影响最为强烈,呈现夏季温度高、冬季温度低的趋势,底层水温则相对稳定。因此,湖库夏季形成同温层、温跃层(斜温层)、滞温层的水温分层现象,春秋季或冬季则趋于混合。水库的水温分层和混合会同时带来氧含量和氧化还原条件的变化,形成饱和区、好氧区、缺氧区、厌氧区的分布,使不同水深下氧含量形成随深度逐渐降低[128]。季节变化、库区水位波动、支流汇入、水利调度方案变化等,则会进一步影响水库水体的分层和混合,使不同深度沉积物中的水温和氧含量发生更为复杂的变化[129-131]。氧气不仅是沉积物中部分微生物的生长要素,同时可调控水中和沉积物中的局部缺氧环境,抑制还原性物质(如硫、氨等)的生成,进而影响沉积物的理化性质和微生物可利用的磷、硫等元素的循环,改变水环境中生态系统的稳态转换过程[80132-133]
2.4 其他综合因素对沉积物微生物群落差异的影响
深库大坝的库区范围较大,往往包含了不同海拔、地形、地貌等地理条件,而这些综合的地理条件也对水环境中的微生物有不可忽视的影响。在长江不同地形(包括高原、山区、盆地、丘陵、平原)的河段和水库中,水体和沉积物中的微生物群落包含了各种地形特有的细菌分类,体现出了不同地形对微生物群落结构组成的塑造和影响[54]。后续开展的长江流域沉积物微生物研究进一步印证了地形地貌对沉积物微生物群落的影响,同时强调了不同筑坝情势对微生物群落的影响差异[52134]。在澜沧江和雅鲁藏布江中,不仅发现了微生物群落结构和功能在不同地理位置的差异,而且证明了海拔高程是对氮转化功能影响最大的因素之一[53]
除了地形和海拔外,还有一些因素能反映出水利工程对环境生态的综合影响,如水库库龄。对珠江流域数十个水库的研究发现,水库库龄对微生物群落丰富度的影响大于各个单一环境因素的影响,体现出筑坝建库对沉积物微生物群落的长期综合生态效应[62]
2.5 微生物群落的生态学过程变化
根据群落生态学的概念框架,微生物群落和其他生物群落一样,其地理分布格局主要受选择、扩散、物种生成等过程影响[135]。选择又分为同质化选择和变量选择,分别表示在相同或相似环境条件下群落的组成结构趋同、在环境条件差异显著时群落组成结构各异;扩散分为均质扩散和扩散限制,分别表示理想中的完全扩散会使不同地区的群落完全相同、现实中物种扩散的障碍会造成不同区域各异的群落[136-137]。关于湖库沉积物的研究发现,微生物群落主要受到同质化选择、扩散限制等生态学过程的影响,从侧面反映出水库调度对库区内形成的同质化环境对沉积物微生物群落的影响[50],以及在梯级水库联合调度中各节点的微生物群落受到强烈人为控制的影响[61]
3 沉积物微生物群落的生态环境效应
在水库带来的各种影响下,沉积物微生物自身的群落组成结构、多样性等发生改变,部分微生物的生长代谢速率、生长策略、基因表达等也会受到影响,从而对水库环境的各种影响产生响应[138-140]。反过来,沉积物微生物群落也会直接改变环境中的各种条件,例如对污染物的富集或降解,对含沙量、附着颗粒、有机质含量的改变,对氮磷营养等的生物地球化学循环的影响,对温室气体排放的影响等[141]。微生物群落对环境的响应与改变,不仅体现出生物适应环境的生态学规律,也展现了微生物在生态环境保护、元素地球化学循环、全球气候变化等领域产生的深远影响。
3.1 对污染物的富集或降解
水库在水环境中通常作为多种污染物的聚集地,不仅积累了大量传统污染物,还为多种新污染物的滞留提供了条件。通过微生物驱动的反应过程,不同类型污染物的浓度可发生显著变化,因此微生物群落相关研究在水利工程中的环境污染领域具有重要意义。以传统污染物中的汞为例,微生物群落能够利用活性有机碳作为电子供体,通过甲基化反应将无机汞转变为有神经毒性的甲基汞;同时,水库水文条件的年际变化会对整个水库的氧化还原状态、微生物代谢策略产生级联效应,最终导致甲基汞在食物网中向上富集,增加其对人类健康的威胁[63142]。对于微塑料这一新污染物,在水沙输移过程中,可被微生物附着并沉降[143],随后在老化破碎过程中发生生物降解[144]
3.2 对水沙条件的改变
研究发现,附着于悬浮泥沙等颗粒物表面的、水相中悬浮生长的以及表层沉积物生物膜中的微生物群落结构存在显著差异[7994]。具体而言,附着于颗粒表面的微生物群落比水相中悬浮生长的微生物群落表现出更高的丰富度和多样性[145]。值得注意的是,河流流动与泥沙输移过程对附着于颗粒的微生物群落具有重要影响,同时,这些微生物群落也可以通过分泌胞外聚合物改变颗粒表面特性、通过对有机碳的利用改变泥沙中有机质含量、通过改变泥沙颗粒的沉降速率改变有机质的沉降过程、通过泥沙颗粒表面的胞外聚合物促进脱氮等[67146-148]
3.3 对氮磷等营养物质循环的驱动调控
水环境中的营养物质循环复杂,由于氮磷与水体富营养化息息相关,因此湖库中微生物驱动的氮磷循环功能也受到更多的关注[149]。其中,不同形态氮之间的转化过程会受到微生物和水动力条件变化的多重控制[14150]。研究发现,在三峡库区的一条富营养化支流(香溪河)中,水库沉积物中不同形态氮(包括总氮、总有机氮、氨氮等)含量主要由微生物群落的氮矿化、硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等过程调控[151]。而磷在水环境中的输入、输移、吸收、矿化、沉降等过程,不仅同时受到水文过程、地质过程等的综合影响,而且其生物过程的生化转化也离不开沉积物中微生物的活动[23152]
3.4 对温室气体排放的影响
水库作为水环境中的重要生境类型,常被认为是温室气体排放的源头[153]。其中,微生物驱动着温室气体排放相关的物质循环功能,控制着甲烷生成、二氧化碳排放、氧化亚氮释放等过程[14115154-155]。深库大坝沉积物中的微生物受大坝蓄水、库容变化、热分层、河床侵蚀等影响,会改变微生物群落的生态功能,进而影响温室气体排放。此外,水库的静水压强变化也会改变沉积物中的氮循环,通过微生物群落的差异改变水环境中的温室气体排放速率[83]。以三峡水库为例,其建设运行导致二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮的排放量和入海量在长江干流均有显著降低[156]。深入研究微生物群落对水环境的响应与改变,有助于更好地应对全球气候变化的挑战[157]
4 问题与展望
4.1 问题
水库通过调节水文条件、影响水温分布以及改变沉积物特性,对淡水生态系统产生深远影响,构成了自然地理环境与人类活动相互作用的关键节点。其中,沉积物微生物群落不仅受水库的多重环境因素驱动,同时也对周边环境产生反馈作用。例如,水库筑坝后导致下游沉积物微生物群落多样性和丰富度的下降,以及坝前水动力学条件对氮循环功能的强化,均具有重要的生态学意义。然而,在生态水利与水环境生态学的交叉研究领域,相关探索仍显不足,具体表现在对水库特定区域的生态效应研究中,缺乏对微生物关键功能的系统性解析。例如,在生态流量设定、富营养化控制以及气候变化影响等议题中,微生物群落在物质循环与能量流动中的关键作用尚未得到充分关注。此外,生态水利及水环境生态学研究虽在地理分布上较为广泛,但现有研究多基于局部样本采集,缺乏对系统性监测数据的整合,导致研究结论的普适性受到限制。未来需充分利用多源异构数据,通过更丰富的数据积累和深入的分析研究,推动生态水利及水环境生态学领域对水库沉积物微生物群落影响的系统性探索。今后,随着国家水网建设和风光水储技术设施的发展,水库的运行情势将发生进一步变化,这将对水环境中的微生物群落产生新的影响,其生态效应及环境响应机制仍需长期深入研究。
4.2 展望
鉴于微生物群落在水利、环境、生态中的重要性以及当前研究中存在的问题,本研究进展综述建议,在这一交叉领域中,今后可关注以下4个方面:(1)深度整合水动力学、环境科学、微生物生态学,解析水利调度驱动下微生物群落的关键功能响应机制,重点研究不同水库调度模式(如梯级水库联合调度、水位波动幅度与频率等)对沉积物微生物驱动的氮磷循环等关键路径(如硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、磷释放等)、特征污染物的迁移转化、温室气体的产生等的影响机制;(2)融合先进的微生物、生态学中的研究方法和理论进展,如宏组学(基因组、转录组、蛋白组等)和生物信息学分析方法,结合群落生态学理论(如群落构建机制、稳态转换过程、群落融合理论、生态网络分析等),解析水库不同水期、不同空间位置的沉积物微生物群落的组成结构、功能潜力等的时空动态演变规律及其对水沙条件变化(如水沙平衡、悬沙浓度等)的响应;(3)加强水利、环境、生物数据的积累、标准化、共享、挖掘工作,构建多源数据融合模型,发展能够有效融合多模态数据的基于过程的机理模型和数据驱动的人工智能模型,为预测特定调度场景下微生物群落的生态环境效应提供工具,为优化水库的生态调度提供数据和模型依据;(4)加强气候变化背景下水库中微生物群落的响应机制研究,评估全球变暖、水文条件变化、极端气候事件(如干旱、持续高温)下,沉积物微生物群落受水库调度影响后的温室气体产生与消耗、营养盐循环转化等过程及微生物群落功能稳定性的变化。
5 附录
附件1和附图Ⅰ见电子版(DOI: 10.18307/2026.0302)。
1水库沉积物微生物研究采样点分布世界地图(该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站提供的在线地图公共服务平台“天地图”(https://www.tianditu.gov.cn)的标准地图制作。国界线基于审图号(2016)1665号地图制作,底图无修改)
Fig.1World map of sampling sites of sediment microbial research conducted in reservoirs
2微生物群落生态学中常见的统计分析和作图方法[56]
Fig.2Overview of statistical and visualization methods for feature tables[56]
3水库对沉积物微生物群落的影响及微生物群落的生态环境效应
Fig.3Influences of reservoir on sediment microbial communities and eco-environmental effects of microbial communities
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