湖泊科学   2017, Vol. 29 Issue (6): 1398-1411.  DOI: 10.18307/2017.0612.
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研究论文

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陈桥, 张翔, 沈丽娟, 张小琼, 周俊, 张咏, 牛志春, 徐东炯, 太湖流域江苏片区底栖大型无脊椎动物群落结构及物种多样性. 湖泊科学, 2017, 29(6): 1398-1411. DOI: 10.18307/2017.0612.
[复制中文]
CHEN Qiao, ZHANG Xiang, SHEN Lijuan, ZHANG Xiaoqiong, ZHOU Jun, ZHANG Yong, NIU Zhichun, XU Dongjiong. Community structure and species diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in Taihu Basin of Jiangsu Province. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2017, 29(6): 1398-1411. DOI: 10.18307/2017.0612.
[复制英文]

基金项目

国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2012ZX07506-003)、江苏省环保科研基金项目(2014039,2014004)和江苏省环境监测科研基金项目(1313,1405)联合资助

作者简介

陈桥(1984~), 男, 硕士, 工程师; E-mail:chenqiao_czem@163.com

文章历史

2017-01-03 收稿
2017-03-20 收修改稿

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太湖流域江苏片区底栖大型无脊椎动物群落结构及物种多样性
陈桥 1, 张翔 1, 沈丽娟 1, 张小琼 1, 周俊 1, 张咏 2, 牛志春 2, 徐东炯 1     
(1: 常州市环境监测中心江苏省环境保护水环境生物监测重点实验室, 常州 213001)
(2: 江苏省环境监测中心, 南京 210036)
摘要:为探明现阶段太湖流域江苏片区底栖大型无脊椎动物群落结构及物种多样性,于2013年1-3、7-8和10-11月对120个样点开展了调查.共记录6门124科280种,各点位物种数(4~51种)、个体密度(5.5~23363.4 ind./m2)和生物量(0.1~6269.2 g/m2)差异较大.不同水体类型的群落结构存在显著差异,其中溪流以蜉蝣目和毛翅目等水生昆虫为优势,水库以摇蚊为优势,河流以寡毛纲为绝对优势,湖荡以寡毛纲、摇蚊幼虫和软体动物为优势.聚类结果显示,同水体类型点位的群落结构也呈现不同程度的空间差异.结合丰度/生物量曲线、特征种及多样性分析,各聚类组受胁迫程度从轻到重依次为溪流(组Ⅸ),太湖敞水区(组Ⅱ)和东部水草区(组Ⅲ),太湖下游湖荡(组Ⅳ)、河流(组Ⅵ)和水库(组Ⅶ),太湖上游湖荡(组Ⅰ)、其他河流(组Ⅴ)和水库(组Ⅷ)点位.底栖大型无脊椎动物的分布与物理生境和水质条件呈较好的空间一致性,生境的多样性和良好的水质条件是保护和恢复物种多样性的关键因素.
关键词底栖大型无脊椎动物    群落结构    多样性    胁迫    空间差异    江苏省    太湖流域    
Community structure and species diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in Taihu Basin of Jiangsu Province
CHEN Qiao 1, ZHANG Xiang 1, SHEN Lijuan 1, ZHANG Xiaoqiong 1, ZHOU Jun 1, ZHANG Yong 2, NIU Zhichun 2, XU Dongjiong 1     
(1: Jiangsu Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biomonitoring, Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China)
(2: Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, P. R. China)
Abstract: To explore the characteristic of community structure and species diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates, samples were collected three times at 120 sampling sites in Taihu Basin of Jiangsu Province. Twenty-nine sampling sites were located in Lake Taihu, and the number of sites in other lakes, rivers, reservoirs and streams were 20, 40, 15 and 16, respectively. The three investigations were conducted in the periods from January to March, from July to August and from October to November in 2013. In total, 280 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates from 124 families and 6 phyla were recorded. The taxa number (4-51), density (5.5-23363.4 ind./m2) and biomass (0.1-6269.2 g/m2) varied greatly among sites, and community structure differed significantly among water bodies. In the western hilly region, the community of streams were dominated by aquatic insects from Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Odonata, while reservoirs were mainly dominated by Chironomidae larvae. In the eastern plain area, pollution-tolerant oligochaetes dominated the community of rivers, while lakes were dominated by Chironomidae larvae, Oligochaeta and Mollusca. Cluster analysis and One-way analysis of similarity classified the 120 sites into nine groups characterized by different characteristics species, showing the hierarchical gradient of sampling sites in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and streams. Streams(group Ⅸ) were the least stressed by integrating the results of abundance-biomass curves, characteristics species and diversity of each affinity group. Species richness and evenness were relatively lower in central region(group Ⅱ) and macrophytes dominated areas(group Ⅲ) of Lake Taihu, whose biomass curves were above the abundance curves and dominated by Mollusca, Malacostraca and Oligochaeta, indicating that the communities suffered relatively weak disturbance. The biomass curves of groups including reservoirs (group Ⅶ), lakes (group Ⅳ) and rivers (group Ⅵ), which were in the out-flow direction of Lake Taihu, were very close to or intersected with the abundance curves and dominated by Chironomidae larvae, Oligochaeta and Gastropoda, indicating that the communities were moderately disturbed. However, the other groups (group Ⅰ, Ⅴ and Ⅷ) were only dominated by Chironomidae larvae and Oligochaeta, indicating intense disturbance. Community structure and spatial distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Taihu Basin of Jiangsu Province were strongly correlated to two ecological factors-habitat complexity and water quality, which could be used by managers and policy makers to evaluate and improve restoration practices.
Keywords: Benthic macroinvertebrates    community structure    species diversity    spatial variance    stressor    Jiangsu Province    Taihu Basin    

底栖大型无脊椎动物(下文简称“底栖动物”)是水生食物链的重要环节,具有生命周期长、区域性强、迁移能力弱等特点,容易受各种环境条件的影响,被称为“水下哨兵”,在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用[1].由于各类群对环境条件变化及污染胁迫响应的差异性,使其占有不同的生态位,因此可以通过群落结构、优势种类、数量特征等参数来反映环境质量状况[2].国内外大型底栖动物方面的研究颇多,包括群落多样性[3-10]、水质评价[2, 11-13]、水生态健康评估[1, 14-23]、环境毒理学[24-25]以及基准和标准[26-28]研究等,欧美等发达国家已经制定了相关标准或规范[29-31],为环境管理提供支撑.

太湖流域江苏片区总面积约1.94×104 km2,占全流域的52.6 %,是我国城市化和工业化发展速度最快的区域之一,水污染问题突出,已成为制约社会经济发展的重要因素.随着国家和省“水十条”颁布实施,区域水环境管理将逐步从水质目标向水生态目标转变,对水生生物指标体系提出了现实且迫切的需求.实践证明,底栖动物相关指标在欧美水环境管理体系中得到了成功应用,在国内也有较好的基础和积累,是流域水生态目标管理体系中的潜在指标之一.但是,现有研究主要是针对流域内河流和大型湖泊[2, 9-10, 12, 32-33],对流域内各类型水体还缺乏系统全面的研究.本文系统研究了太湖流域江苏片区低山丘陵和平原水网区湖荡、河流、水库及溪流的底栖动物群落结构及多样性,为流域水生态指标体系研究提供系统全面的基础支撑.

1 材料与方法 1.1 采样点布设及样品采集与分析

以流域水质监测网为基础,兼顾空间全覆盖和代表性等因素,在太湖流域江苏片区布设120个点位(图 1),其中太湖29个、其他湖荡20个、河流40个、水库15个、溪流16个,分别于2013年1—3、7—8和10—11月开展监测.对于湖荡、河流、水库,样品的采集首先使用1/16 m2 Peterson采泥器采集4夹,然后用定长绳索及竹竿标记一定的距离,使用三角拖网(开口边长30 cm,网孔40目)拖曳采集.拖曳距离视底质淤泥量而定,淤泥多时一般3~5 m,淤泥少时一般10~30 m.现场将采泥器和三角拖网采得的样品分别经40目筛网淘洗后带回实验室进行标本挑拣.对于溪流,急流区样品使用踢网(1 m×1 m,40目)采集1 m2,并在上下游各50 m范围内使用D网(宽0.3 m,40目)采集各类型小生境(如缓流区和静水区等)共计约1 m2.踢网和D网采集的标本在现场合并挑拣.标本用4 %甲醛溶液保存.参考相关资料[34-38],将标本鉴定或区分到种并计数,然后用滤纸吸取表面液体,置于电子天平(精确至0.0001 g)称重,计算密度和生物量.

图 1 底栖动物采样点及聚类结果分布 Fig.1 Location of the benthic macroinvertebrates sampling sites and spatial distribution of affinity groups
1.2 数据分析

湖荡、河流和水库的结果综合两种采样方法,其中小个体类群(如寡毛类、摇蚊幼虫、线虫、等足目和端足目等)以采泥器结果计,较大个体类群(如软体动物、水生昆虫、十足目等)以三角拖网结果计.本研究重点关注底栖动物的空间格局,因此将3次调查获得的物种名录合并,个体密度和生物量取算术平均值.

用相对重要性指数(index of relative importance,IRI)[39]确定优势种.采用ArcGis 10.1软件绘制空间分布图.为了消除量纲差异及偶见种的影响,使用PRIMER 5.0软件将各点位的个体密度进行对数转换,构建Bray-Curtis相似系数矩阵,采用类平均法(group average)对采样点进行聚类分析.基于聚类结果,使用One-way ANOSIM(analysis of similarities)检验各聚类组群落结构的差异,并通过SIMPER(similarity percentages)分析确定对组内相似性贡献较大的种类.使用丰度/生物量曲线(abundance-biomass curve,ABC)评估各组底栖动物群落受到的干扰情况.同时,结合Shannon-Wiener[40]和Pielou[41]2个指数分析群落多样性.

2 结果 2.1 物种组成

调查共发现底栖动物280种,其中寡毛纲5科24种,昆虫纲摇蚊幼虫51种、EPTO(蜉蝣目Ephemeroptera、襀翅目Plecoptera、毛翅目Trichoptera和蜻蜓目Odonata)43科68种、其他水生昆虫31科40种,软甲纲13科18种,腹足纲7科29种,双壳纲5科22种,多毛纲5科9种,其他类群19种.不同类型水体的群落结构存在显著差异(表 1图 2),其中溪流点位平均物种数最高(38种),平均个体密度最低(305.6 ind./m2,昆虫纲占78.0 %),优势种为纹石蛾科一种、直突摇蚊属一种和梨形环棱螺等;河流点位平均物种数最低(17种),平均个体密度最高(2642.8 ind./m2,寡毛纲占94.4 %),霍甫水丝蚓为绝对优势种;湖荡和水库点位平均物种数(23和28种)和平均个体密度(404.8 ind./m2,寡毛纲和摇蚊幼虫占73.0 %;389.4 ind./m2,摇蚊幼虫占83.5 %)居中,湖荡优势种为霍甫水丝蚓、梨形环棱螺和河蚬等,水库优势种为长跗摇蚊属一种和齿斑摇蚊属一种等.

表 1 太湖流域江苏片区不同类型水体优势种及其相对重要指数 Tab.1 Dominant taxa and their IRI of different types of water bodies in Taihu Basin of Jiangsu Province
图 2 不同类型水体底栖动物平均物种数、个体密度(A)及各类群个体密度占比(B) Fig.2 Taxa number, density(A) and the proportion of different groups(B) of benthic macroinvertebrates of different types of water bodies (图A中不同小写字母表示具有显著差异(One-way ANOVA,P<0.05))
2.2 空间分布

各点位底栖动物物种数空间差异较大(图 3A),流域上游的西部、南部丘陵区和湖泊(长荡湖、滆湖、太湖)下游区域部分点位的物种数较高(26~51种),并于宜兴洑溪涧S9达到最大值(51种),而京杭运河及其以北的通江河流分类单元数较少(4~24种),最小值出现在张家港二干河大桥R10(4种).个体密度和生物量的分布也存在较大的空间差异,且与物种数呈一定的空间对应关系(图 3BC),其中物种数较高的区域总体表现为较低的个体密度(平均为401.2 ind./m2)和较高的生物量(平均为251.8 g/m2),物种数较低的区域总体表现为较高的个体密度(平均为3526.4 ind./m2)和较低的生物量(平均为18.8 g/m2).空间分布格局表明流域上游丘陵地区和湖泊下游部分点位的物种较丰富,而京杭运河及其以北的通江河流物种较单一,以小型的寡毛纲物种为优势类群.

图 3 底栖动物物种数(A)、个体密度(B)和生物量(C)的空间分布 Fig.3 Spatial distribution of taxa number(A), density(B) and biomass(C) of benthic macroinvertebrates
2.3 聚类及特征种

基于底栖动物个体密度对各类型水体的点位分别进行聚类分析(图 4),共被分为9组,其中湖荡4组、河流2组、水库2组和溪流1组.每两组间的平均相异性百分比介于66.2 % ~96.9 %之间(P<0.01),不同类型水体表现出了不同程度的群落梯度.

图 4 基于不同类型水体底栖动物密度的Bray-Curtis聚类分析树状图(A湖荡、B河流、C水库、D溪流) Fig.4 Dendrograms based on Bray-Curtis similarity coefficients of benthic macroinvertebrates density showing the hierarchical clustering of sampling sites in lakes(A), rivers(B), reservoirs(C) and streams(D)

湖荡的49个点位在30 %的相似性水平上被分为4组(图 4A).组Ⅰ包括钱资荡、长荡湖、滆湖、竺山湖、西氿和五里湖等15个点位(图 1),特征种均为耐污型物种,包括霍甫水丝蚓、中国长足摇蚊、绒铗长足摇蚊、小摇蚊属一种、苏氏尾鰓蚓和克拉泊水丝蚓,SIMPER分析表明这6种对组内相似性贡献率达83.6 % (表 2).组Ⅱ包括太湖湖心、北部、西部及南部的17个点位,特征种以双壳纲和软甲纲物种为主,伴有少量寡毛纲和多毛纲物种,包括河蚬、太湖大螯蜚、钩虾属一种、杯尾水虱属一种、拉氏蚬、霍甫水丝蚓和背蚓虫,其对组内相似性贡献率达80.2 %.组Ⅲ包括太湖东部湖区的10个点位,特征种包括梨形环棱螺、铜锈环棱螺、秀丽白虾、河蚬、钩虾属一种以及寡毛纲、摇蚊幼虫和多毛纲一些种类,其对组内相似性贡献百分比为79.0 %.组Ⅳ主要包括太湖下游湖群的7个点位,特征种包括红裸须摇蚊、铜锈环棱螺、梨形环棱螺、霍甫水丝蚓、小摇蚊属一种、前突摇蚊属一种、河蚬,其对组内相似性贡献百分比为81.0 %.河流40个点位在10 %的相似性水平上被分为2组(图 4B),组Ⅵ主要包括流域上游及长荡湖和太湖等湖泊出湖河流的点位,共12个,其余归为组Ⅴ.其中,组Ⅴ的特征种为霍甫水丝蚓和克拉泊水丝蚓,这2种对组内相似性贡献百分比达83 %;组Ⅵ的特征种包括霍甫水丝蚓、梨形环棱螺、颤蚓属一种、苏氏尾鳃蚓等8种,其对组内相似性贡献百分比达79.9 %.水库15个点位在30 %的相似性水平上被分为2组(图 4C),组Ⅶ包括3个点位,其余归为组Ⅷ.组Ⅶ的特征种包括颤蚓属一种、梨形环棱螺、长角涵螺、雕翅摇蚊属一种等9个物种,其对组内相似性贡献百分比为72.8 %;组Ⅷ的特征种以摇蚊为主,包括小摇蚊属一种、梯形多足摇蚊、前突摇蚊属一种等9种摇蚊和霍甫水丝蚓,其对组内相似性贡献百分比为81.1 %.溪流底栖动物群落未呈现点位间的聚类差异,因此将溪流的16个点位归为一个组,即组Ⅸ,其特征种以水生昆虫为主,包括蚊石娥科一种、直突摇蚊属一种、似动蜉属一种、四节蜉科一种、涡虫纲一种等10种,其对组内相似性贡献百分比为62.2 %.虽然某一物种(如霍甫水丝蚓等)同时成为多个聚类组的特征种,但其在不同组的个体密度和相似性贡献百分比存在较大差异,表明了其在不同生态条件下的生存状态.

表 2 各聚类组底栖动物特征种平均密度及其对组内相似性贡献百分比* Tab.2 Mean density of characteristics species for each affinity group and its contribution to with-in group similarity
2.4 胁迫程度及多样性

从各组ABC曲线、多样性和特征种可以看出(图 5表 2),组Ⅸ受胁迫相对最轻,以“蜉蝣目—毛翅目等水生昆虫”为优势;组Ⅱ和Ⅲ胁迫次之,以“软体—甲壳—寡毛纲”为优势;组Ⅳ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ胁迫相对较重,以“摇蚊幼虫—寡毛纲”为优势,伴有少量软体动物;组Ⅰ、Ⅴ和Ⅷ胁迫最重,均为极耐污的小型类群“摇蚊幼虫—寡毛纲”为优势.其中,组Ⅸ虽仍以较清洁的水生昆虫为优势,但生物量较大的物种缺失,两个曲线出现了交叉;代表水库的组Ⅶ和Ⅷ多样性水平虽高,但主要是因为摇蚊幼虫种类较多.

图 5 各聚类组底栖动物群落丰度/生物量曲线及多样性 Fig.5 Abundance-biomass curves and biodiversity indexes of benthic macroinvertebrates for each affinity group
3 讨论 3.1 物理生境对底栖动物空间分布的影响

底栖动物的空间分布与物理生境条件密切相关[3-4, 9-10, 42-43].太湖流域水网纵横交错,水体类型多样,溪流、水库、河流和湖荡的物理生境差异较大,底栖动物空间分布差异显著(图 2).溪流属流域源头水系,位于上游丘陵区,植被覆盖度高,人为干扰较少,底质以砾石为主,水流快、溶解氧浓度高,栖境多样.因此,溪流的物种相对丰富,以较敏感的毛翅目、蜉蝣目等水生昆虫为优势类群.这与张又等[9]研究结果总体一致,太湖流域西部丘陵区的底栖动物群落较东部平原区更丰富,多样性更高,且有清水物种分布.但由于近年资源开发利用、水利蓄水等力度增大,生境受到了一定程度破坏,物种生存空间受到侵占,最易受到冲击的敏感类群逐步消亡.

水库主要分布在丘陵地区及其与平原的过渡地带,受人工调蓄影响,消落带水位变化较大,缺少有利于维持物种多样性的稳定环境[44],同时由于敞水区较深,底层溶解氧较低,生境单一,有利于对环境变化适应能力较强的类群成为优势,具体表现为摇蚊幼虫平均个体密度占比达83.5 %.虽然在局部的滨岸浅水小生境中有较敏感的水生昆虫和双壳类分布,但数量较少.万成炎等[45]于1998-1999年对江苏省48座水库的底栖动物调查发现,出现频率大于80 %的物种均为小个体耐污类群,而细蜉属、淡水壳菜等出现频率不足10 %.

流域内河流是典型的网状结构,与城市发展密切相关,受人工改造的痕迹明显[46],表现为驳岸硬化、岸线被裁弯取直、水生植被稀少、底质多为淤泥、栖境单一,同时还受航运、疏浚、闸控等影响.相比于其他类型水体,河流的生境条件相对最差,物种多样性最低,极耐污的颤蚓科平均个体密度达2140.6 ind./m2,占比达67.5 %.根据聚类分组及特征种分析结果,流域上游和部分湖泊下游点位群落丰富度相对略好,这可能与这些点上游的生境(丘陵植被、湖泊)具有拦截污染和净化水质等生态缓冲功能有关.而京杭运河及其以北的通江河流受城市建设、工业生产及航运等频繁的人类活动干扰,对群落产生了明显抑制作用.吴召仕等[32]对太湖流域河流底栖动物研究显示,寡毛纲个体密度平均占比达94.19 %,但位于太湖下游的黄浦江水系物种较沿江、南河和洮滆水系丰富.

流域内湖荡众多,聚类分析将底栖动物群落划分为4个聚类组,分别为竺山湖及其上游湖荡(组Ⅰ)、太湖敞水区(组Ⅱ)、太湖东部水草区(组Ⅲ)和太湖下游湖荡(组Ⅳ).本研究调查过程中发现,湖荡物理生境的空间异质性相对较高,主要表现为底质类型、水生植被分布等的差异. 1980s以来,组Ⅰ湖泊(如长荡湖、滆湖)受围网养殖、围湖造田等影响[12],湖泊生态系统受到严重破坏,从清水草型转变为浊水藻型生境,淤泥黏性底质蓄积严重且富含有机质,使得底质呈还原状态,利于耐污能力强的类群形成竞争优势.对比历史研究表明,滆湖由1990s初以大型双壳类、蜻蜓和蜉蝣占优势转变为21世纪初以寡毛类和摇蚊为优势[47-48],对长荡湖的研究发现其与滆湖的演变历史相似,推测底栖动物的退化与水生植被破坏有关[12].组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ的划分及群落特点与蔡永久等[4, 10]、许浩等[2]研究结果总体一致,略有不同的是本研究将太湖梅梁湾归入了敞水区聚类组,这可能与研究尺度不同有关,在全流域层面,梅梁湾底栖动物群落与敞水区相似性更高.敞水区扰动大,底层含氧量较高,以双壳纲和软甲纲物种为优势,东部水草区螺类较丰富,印证了螺-草互利关系[49].组Ⅳ生境状况介于组Ⅰ和组Ⅲ之间,受围网养殖等影响,水生植被呈一定的衰退趋势,虽有一定量的螺类分布,但耐污型的颤蚓和摇蚊幼虫已占据一定优势.孙月娟[50]研究发现阳澄湖底栖动物分布与中华绒螯蟹的养殖方式相关[50].

3.2 水质条件对底栖动物空间分布的影响

良好的水质条件有利于底栖动物的生存和恢复[43, 51].据《江苏省环境质量报告书》[52]显示,太湖流域江苏片区河流水质条件相对较好的点位主要分布在流域上游和湖荡下游,其中上游河流点位(R11、R20、R7、R12和R31)主要受西部丘陵和长江较好来水的影响,污染相对较轻或基本无明显污染,湖荡下游点位(R25、R30、R33、R35、R38、R40)可能与湖荡的前置库功能有关[53-54].湖泊湿地生态系统具有生态缓冲和自我净化功能,是一个天然的“净化器”,对上游入湖污染具有拦截净化作用,出湖水质通常好于入湖水质,为下游水体提供了清水通道保障[55].因此,在河流物理生境总体类似的情况下,位于湖荡下游点位的底栖动物群落相对较丰富(图 3A),与流域上游点共同归到聚类组Ⅵ,其余河流点位靠近人类活动密集区,受污染程度较重,归于聚类组Ⅴ,2个聚类组群落受干扰状态和特征种存在明显的差异(图 5表 2).湖荡方面,由于太湖环境容量较大,自我净化能力强,不仅使太湖各湖区之间水质呈现了显著的差异[52],其较好的出水对下游湖荡水质及水生态状况的保持和改善也起到了积极的作用.虽然太湖下游湖荡区被开发利用强度也较大,城市建设、旅游、围网养殖等不仅对生境造成了破坏,还增加了污染入湖的风险,但由于来水较好,增加了下游湖荡的环境容量,提高了生态缓冲能力.因此,太湖下游湖荡点位被归为同一聚类组(组Ⅳ),且物种丰富度和多样性均好于太湖上游(组Ⅰ).

4 结论

1) 不同类型水体间底栖动物群落结构呈现显著的空间差异.溪流点位物种丰富度最高,以较清洁的水生昆虫为优势类群;河流相对最低,以耐污型寡毛纲物种为绝对优势;湖荡和水库点位物种丰富度居中,其中湖荡以软体动物、软甲纲和寡毛纲为优势,水库以摇蚊幼虫为优势.

2) 同类型水体亦呈现不同程度的空间差异.聚类分析将湖荡、河流、水库和溪流点位分别划分为4、2、2、1个聚类组.综合各组丰度/生物量曲线、多样性和特征种等,可以判断出溪流(组Ⅸ)受胁迫相对最轻,太湖敞水区(组Ⅱ)和东部水草区(组Ⅲ)次之,太湖下游湖荡区(组Ⅳ)、河流(组Ⅵ)和水库(组Ⅶ)胁迫相对较重,太湖上游湖荡(组Ⅰ)、其他河流(组Ⅴ)和水库(Ⅷ)点位胁迫最重.

3) 底栖动物的空间分布格局与物理生境及水质条件相关,维持生境的多样性和良好的水质条件是保护和恢复物种多样性的关键.

致谢: 感谢苏州市环境监测中心生态科、南京大学张效伟教授研究团队及青岛正源水生物检测有限公司对本研究给予的帮助.
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