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| 金沙江黑水河三种典型鱼类通过鱼道过坝后上溯行为规律 |
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石小涛1, 高生辉1, 柯森繁1, 焦易林2, 李冬晴1, 许家炜3, 杨吉1, 李新宇1, 卢建雨1, 朱世龙1, 涂志英1, 成必新4
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1.三峡大学;2.四川大学;3.珠江水利科学研究院;4.上海勘测设计研究院有限公司
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| 摘要: |
| 鱼道进口“找不到”、槽身“上不去”和过坝后“怎么游”一直是恢复鱼类洄游通道，探明鱼类生活史过程需要回答的问题，其中，鱼类过坝后“怎么游”，是否会陷入库区“生态陷阱”和能否通过库区到达栖息地亟待回答。本文选择金沙江黑水河三种典型鱼类齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）、红尾副鳅（Paracobitis variegatus）和短体副鳅（Paracobitis potanini）为过鱼对象，通过网捕法调查目标鱼资源状况，利用遥测技术获取3种目标鱼过坝后的上溯行为指标，构建耦合库区水文水动力因素的鱼类过坝后上溯效果定量评价模型，识别影响鱼类过坝后上溯效果的关键因子，建立目标鱼库区上溯效果与各关键因子响应关系。结果表明：（1）齐口裂腹鱼、红尾副鳅和短体副鳅在坝上-鱼道-坝下均为优势种，资源量总和占所有渔获物总量40%以上。（2）3种目标鱼鱼道通过率为11.14%，自鱼道出口向库尾上溯成功率为30.87%。（3）目标鱼过坝后有不同生境选择占比，70%的目标鱼停留于近坝库区，占比最高；28%的目标鱼继续上溯至卵石河床区；未发现有目标鱼从砾石辫状河床区上溯至沙砾蜿蜒河床区。（4）影响鱼类过坝后上溯效果的敏感因素为鱼种、流量、水文条件变化率和昼夜节律。（5）目标鱼过坝后上溯成功率随河道流量增大而下降；目标鱼选择在短涨水时上溯；超过60%的目标鱼选择在夜间上溯；齐口裂腹鱼过坝后上溯成功率显著高于红尾副鳅和短体副鳅。本研究以金沙江鱼类为例，解析了鱼类过坝后上溯行为规律和识别了驱动目标鱼生境选择的关键因子。 |
| 关键词: 鱼类洄游 跟踪监测 水文水动力 上溯行为 生境选择 |
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| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（面上项目，重点项目，重大项目） |
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| The upstream behavioral patterns of three typical fish species in the Jinsha River and the Heishui River after passing through the fishway and crossing the dam |
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Shi Xiaotao,Gao Shenghui,Ke Senfan,Jiao Yilin,Li Dongqing,Xu Jiawei,Yang Ji,Li Xinyu,Lu Jianyu,Zhu Shilong,Tu Zhiying,Cheng Bixin
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China Three Gorges University
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| Abstract: |
| Challenges such as the "invisibility" of fishway entrances, the "inaccessibility" of chutes, and "post-passage swimming behavior" have long persisted in the restoration of fish migration routes and the comprehension of fish life history. Specifically, urgent issues such as how fish swim after passing through a dam, whether they get entrapped in reservoir "ecological traps", and if they can traverse the reservoir to reach their habitats require immediate attention. In this study, three typical fish species in the Heishui River of the Jinsha River, namely Schizothorax prenanti, Paracobitis variegatus, and Paracobitis potanini, were chosen as research subjects. The status of these target fish resources was evaluated by means of net-capture methods, and post-passage upstream movement data were gathered using telemetry technology. Subsequently, a quantitative evaluation model of post-passage upstream movement effectiveness was developed, integrating the hydrological and hydrodynamic factors of the reservoir. The key factors influencing this effectiveness were determined, and the response relationships between upstream effectiveness and these factors were established. The results are as follows: 1) Schizothorax prenanti, Paracobitis variegatus, and Paracobitis potanini are dominant species in the area from the upper part of the dam to the fishway and then to the lower part of the dam, accounting for more than 40% of the total catch in aggregate. 2) The fishway passage rate of the three target species was 11.14%, and their success rate of upstream migration from the fishway exit to the reservoir tail was 30.87%. 3) After passing through the fishway, the target fish exhibited different habitat preferences. 70% remained in the near-dam reservoir area, which was the highest proportion; 28% continued to swim upstream to the pebble riverbed area; no target fish were observed to migrate upstream from the gravel braided riverbed area to the meandering gravel-sand riverbed area. 4) The sensitive factors affecting post-passage upstream effectiveness include fish species, flow rate, rate of change in hydrological conditions, and diurnal rhythm. 5) The success rate of upstream migration after passing the dam decreases as the river flow increases; target fish tend to migrate during short periods of rising water; over 60% of target fish chose to migrate at night; the success rate of post-passage upstream migration for Schizothorax prenanti was significantly higher than that for Paracobitis variegatus and Paracobitis potanini. This study, taking the fish from the Jinsha River as an example, analyzed the upstream movement behavior patterns of fish after passing through the dam and identified the key factors driving the habitat selection of target fish. |
| Key words: Fish migration tracking and monitoring hydrology and hydrodynamics upstream behavior habitat selection |
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